Problemi umjetnog osjemenjivanja jednogrbe deve - izostanak ovulacije i zadržavanje spermija u želatinoznoj spermi.

An artificial insemination study was conducted on 17 female camels which were administered human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) to induce ovulation after confirming a follicle in the ovaries using sonography. The animals were inseminated with either diluted-cooled or fresh undiluted semen. No female camel could be impregnated with diluted and cooled semen, while pregnancy rate was low with neat undiluted semen. To ascertain possible causes of low conception rate, plasma progesterone (P4) profiles were monitored. Criteria adopted for interpretation of these profiles were as follows: P4 levels below 1 ng/ml on days 5-8 was considered to indicate failure to ovulate; a single peak of 1ng/ml on days 5-8 followed by a decline on day 12 was considered to indicate ovulation. However, failure of fertilization and P4 levels of more than 1 ng/ml on days 5-8 and day 12 followed by a decline was considered to indicate successful ovulation and fertilization, but failure of embryo survival. Consistently higher levels of P4 were considered to be indicative of pregnancy. Using these criteria, 5 of 33 inseminations were diagnosed as pregnant, while profiles of 17 of 33, 8 of 33 and 3 of 33 were indicative of failure of ovulation, failure of fertilization and failure of embryo survival, respectively. A high incidence of failure of ovulation may be due to oversized follicles or follicles in which degenerative processes might have been initiated prior to administration of hCG. High failure of fertilization may be due to a viscous form of camel semen, which may play a role as a sperm reservoir and protect the viability of spermatozoa in the female genital tract by entrapping sperm. Insemination with diluted and cooled semen may disturb the protection, resulting in failure of conception. It is concluded that the high incidence of ovulation failure and failure to deposit sperm in its natural entrapped viscous form are the major problems for development of AI in the camel. Further improvement may be expected, if we are able to standardize the appropriate insemination time around peri ovulatory time, and appropriate follicular size, which responds to hCG.Umjetno osjemenjivanje provedeno je na 17 deva kojima je dan ljudski korionski gonadotropin (hCG) u svrhu poticanja ovulacije. Prethodno je ultrazvučnom metodom ustanovljen folikul na jajnicima pretraženih deva. Deve su osjemenjene ili razrijeđenom i rashlađenom ili svježom, nerazrijeđenom spermom. Nijedna deva nije bila oplođena nakon osjemenjivanja razrijeđenom i rashlađenom spermom, a nakon osjemenjivanja nerazrijeđenom spermom stopa oplođenosti bila je niska. Radi utvrđivanja mogućih uzroka niske stope koncepcije, utvrđivana je razina progesterona u plazmi (P4). Razina P4 ispod 1 ng/ml u razdoblju 5 do 8 dana smatrala se pokazateljem izostanka ovulacije. Jednokratni porast od 1 ng/ml tijekom 5-8 dana nakon kojeg je slijedio pad 12. dana, smatrao se pokazateljem ovulacije s neuspjelom oplodnjom. P4 razine veće od 1 ng/ml tijekom razdoblja 5 do 8 dana, uključujući 12. dan nakon kojeg slijedi opadanje smatrale su se uspješnom ovulacijom i oplodnjom ali neuspjelim preživljavanjem embrija. Postojano visoke razine P4 smatrale su se pokazateljem gravidnosti. Prema navedenim kriterijima, pet od 33 osjemenjivanja rezultirala su gravidnošću. U 17 od 33 osjemenjivanja izostala je ovulacija. U 8 od 33 osjemenjivanja nije došlo do oplodnje, a u tri od 33 osjemenjnivanja embrij nije preživio. Učestala pojavnost izostanka ovulacije mogla bi se povezati s prevelikim folikulima ili folikulima u kojih su degenerativni procesi započeli prije davanja hCG. Visoka učestalost neuspjele oplodnje, mogla bi se povezati s viskoznošću sperme, zbog koje su spermiji u genitalnom traktu deve zaštićeniji i lakše preživljavaju. Osjemenjivanje s razrijeđenom i rashlađenom spermom može poremetiti navedene zaštitne mehanizme i dovesti do slabije oplođenosti. Može se zaključiti da je učestalo izostajanje ovulacije i nemogućnost polaganja sperme u njezinom prirodno viskoznom obliku glavni problem za razvoj umjetnog osjemenjivanja deva. Daljnji napredak se može očekivati ako se standardizira prikladno vrijeme osjemenjivanja (periovulatorno vrijeme), te utvrdi veličina folikula koja najbolje odgovara na aplikaciju hCG

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019

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Not AvailableNumber of matings during the follicular cycle and data on conception rate were collected and analysed in indigenous camels (Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri and Kachchi breeds) managed under semi-intensive system. Ovarian activity during breeding and non-breeding season was examined ultrasonographically. It was revealed that follicular growth and redression is a gradual and sequential process in absence of ovulation. Apart from breeding season follicular growth was also observed in 50 percent of the camels during non-breeding season. The mean conception percentage under single mating, 2 matings at an interval of 24 and 48 hours from 1991-92 to 1997-98 did not show signioficant variation in Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri and Kachchi breed with conception of 60.14, 53.12 and 56.94 percent respectively and a overall conception of 56.85 percent, where as the mean percent conception with 2 matings at 72 hr interval during the follicular cycle in Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri and Kachchi was 80.0, 72 and 71.43 percent respectively with overall conception 75.8 percent. An improvement of about 10 to 15 percent could be observed in conception rate when given 2 matings at interval of 72 hours as compared to single mating and 2 matings at an interval of 24 to 48 hours.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableCollection of semen with a bovine artificial vagina (AV) was attempted with each of 14 camels over a period of 2 years. Semen samples were evaluated, extended and cryopreserved. Frozen thawed semen, diluted cooled semen or whole semen was used to inseminate some female camels which were induced to ovulate with hCG. Males ejaculated semen into the AV in 74.6% collection attempts. The male copulated for at least 200s in 62.9% attempts. The remaining copulations were of shorter duration. Similarly, 49.3% ejaculates were at least 3ml of semen. Libido and donation of semen improved from December onwards and reached a peak after mid January with peak performance persisting until April. It declined during May. The majority of camels had lost libido and refuse to donate semen by the end of May. Camel semen is in gel form. While 35.9% of 203 semen samples exhibited no individual sperm motility, 28.5% exhibited low to fair grade individual sperm motility and only 35.4% exhibited >50% sperm motility. Differences existed between animals (P50% and 25% of 16 semen samples from low pre-freeze motility group with an overall success of 44.2% of 61 semen samples were successfully preserved. Wide variation was observed in the freezability of semen from different males. Attempts to impregnate female camels with liquid semen, frozen thawed semen and whole semen after hCG induced ovulation resulted in 0/10, 1/13 and 4/10 pregnancies.Not Availabl

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially