İlkokul ve Ortaokul Son Sınıf Öğrencilerinde Metaforik Algı Olarak Kitap

The aim of this study is analysing the metaphors developed in regard to the book concepts of 4th and 8th grades of primary and secondary schools students. In this study, phenomenology model, one of the qualitative research methods was used.In this study, activity papers of 245 girls and 270 boys were used, and it was 515 in total. Analysis of documents of the metaphors developed in regard to the book concepts of students was made by content analysis method.Analysis of data obtained was consist of transferred toelectronic and extracting of documents,classification of metaphors and their reasons, the development of conceptual categories,reliability and validity studies and quantitative data analysis. Students developed 185 metaphors.Although there was not much difference between the number of participating studentsin the study, 4th grade students developed more metaphors than 8th grade students. When it was analysed the metaphors developed in regard to the book concepts, it was showed that 21 of 185 metaphors had the same expression. Similar metaphors were the most repeated metaphors. 185 metaphors were created from the eight conceptual categories; the book as a source of information (45), the book as an object (43), the book as description (26),the book as nature (20),the book as a person (18), the book as a place (14), the book as an action (13) and the book as acartoon hero (6).Bu çalışmanın amacı, ilkokul ve ortaokul son sınıf kademeleri olan 4. ve 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin kitap kavramına ilişkin geliştirdikleri metaforları incelemektir. Bu çalışmada, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan olgu bilim modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya 2012-2013 Eğitim-Öğretim Yılı I. döneminde Sakarya İli merkez ilçe sınırları içerisinde yer alan üçer ilkokul ve ortaokulun son sınıflarında öğrenim gören515 öğrenci katılmıştır. Öğrencilerin “kitap” kavramına yönelik metaforlar geliştirdikleri dokümanların çözümlenmesi içerik analizi yöntemi ile yapılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi dokümanların elektronik ortama aktarılması ve ayıklanması, metafor ve gerekçelerin sınıflandırılması, kavramsal kategorilerin geliştirilmesi, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları ve nicel veri analizi aşamalarından oluşmaktadır.Öğrenciler 185 metafor geliştirmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan öğrenci sayıları arasında çok fark olmadığı halde 4.sınıf öğrencilerinin 8.sınıf öğrencilerine göre daha çok metafor geliştirdikleri belirlenmiştir. Kitap kavramına yönelik geliştirilen metaforlar incelendiğinde 185 metafordan 21’inin her iki sınıf düzeyindeki öğrenciler tarafından benzer ifade edildiği belirlenmiştir. Benzer metaforlar göz önünealındığında, bu metaforların en çok tekrarlanan metaforlardan oluştuğu dikkat çekmektedir. Toplam 185 metafordan 8 kavramsal kategori oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan bu 8 kavramsal kategoride yer alan metafor sayılarına göre; bilgi kaynağı olarak kitap (45), nesne olarak kitap (43), betimleme olarak kitap (26), doğa olarak kitap (20), kişi olarak kitap (18), mekân olarak kitap (14), eylem olarak kitap (13) ve çizgi kahraman olarak kitap (6) şeklinde sıralanmaktadır

Book as a Metaphoric Perception in Last Class of the Primary and Secondary Students

The aim of this study is analysing the metaphors developed in regard to the book concepts of 4th and 8th grades of primary and secondary schools students. In this study, phenomenology model, one of the qualitative research methods was used.In this study, activity papers of 245 girls and 270 boys were used, and it was 515 in total. Analysis of documents of the metaphors developed in regard to the book concepts of students was made by content analysis method.Analysis of data obtained was consist of transferred to electronic and extracting of documents,classification of metaphors and their reasons, the development of conceptual categories,reliability and validity studies and quantitative data analysis. Students developed 185 metaphors.Although there was not much difference between the number of participating studentsin the study, 4th grade students developed more metaphors than 8th grade students. When it was analysed the metaphors developed in regard to the book concepts, it was showed that 21 of 185 metaphors had the same expression. Similar metaphors were the most repeated metaphors. 185 metaphors were created from the eight conceptual categories; the book as a source of information (45), the book as an object (43), the book as description (26),the book as nature (20),the book as a person (18), the book as a place (14), the book as an action (13) and the book as acartoon hero (6)

Genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus in the province of Gaziantep, a 10-year evaluation

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis infections. Gaziantep is located southeast part of Turkey and has a border with Syria. More than 400,000 Syrian refugees live in Gaziantep. The aim of this study was to evaluate distribution of HCV genotypes among Syrian patients and in people who inject drugs. Serum samples form 1,628 individuals (786 female, 842 male) which were sent to our laboratory for genotyping between January 2013 and December 2022, were analyzed retrospectively. Three different HCV genotyping assays (Qiagen, RTA and Abbott) were used during the 10-year study period. Out of the 1,628 patients, genotype 1 was detected in 51.5%, genotype 3 in 21.4%, genotype 4 in 20%, genotype 5 in 4.6%, genotype 2 in 1.3%. Mixed genotype was found in 20 patients. Of the patients, 1,143 were Turkish patients and among those patients genotype 1 (66.8%) was the most common genotype followed by genotype 3 (29%). Among Syrian patients (n 5 477), genotype 4 (64.2%) was predominant genotype followed by genotype 1 and genotype 5. Genotype 3 was detected in 277 (79.6%) prisoners. All of them were male and probably the main source of HCV infection was intravenous drug abuse. While genotypes 1 and 4 were common in females, genotypes 1 and 3 were common in males. In the future genotype 3 may become an increasing problem due to the persons who inject drugs. Less frequent genotypes such as 4 and 5 may become more frequent due to Syrian patients

Evaluation of 2015-2016 MOTAKK HBV DNA and HCV RNA External Quality Assessment National Program Results

MOTAKK, as a national external quality control program has been launched to evaluate the molecular detection of viral infections including HBV DNA and HCV RNA in molecular microbiology diagnostic laboratories in Turkey. This program is prepared in compliance with ISO 17043:2010 (Conformity assessment general requirements for proficiency testing) standards, and aims to take the place of external quality control programs from abroad, contributing to standardization and accuracy of molecular diagnostic tests in our country. The aim of this study was to evaluate 2015 and 2016 results of the MOTAKK External Quality Control Program for HBV DNA and HCV RNA viral load. The calls were announced on the web page of MOTAKK (www.motakk.org). The quality control samples were sent to participating laboratories in 2015 and 2016. Main stocks were prepared from patients with chronic hepatitis B and C who had viral load detection with reference methods according to WHO reference materials for viral load studies to improve quality control sera. From these main stocks, samples with different viral loads were prepared from dilutions of plasma with HBV, HCV, HAV, HIV, Parvovirus B19 and CMV negative serologic markers. Quality control samples were sent to the participating laboratories along with the negative samples in the cold chain. The laboratories accomplished the related tests within 2-3 weeks and entered their results on the MOTAKK web page. These results were analysed according to ISO 13528 (Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparison) and scoring reports were created by a software developed by MOTAKK and sent to participating labs. Each laboratory evaluated their own results in comparison with the other laboratory results, reassessed the tests via observing the distance from the mean result and the reference values. The number of laboratories participating in the HBV DNA and HCV RNA external quality control program was 70-73 in 2015-2016. Participants were able to comply with the program tools, registering, entering results and receiving the results reports problem. In HBV panel, 72.6-89.1% and 84.7-90.3% of the participant laboratories were in 1 standard deviation (SD) in 2015-2016, respectively. In HCV panel, 70.8-89.1% and 84.7-90.3% of the participant laboratories were in 1 SD in 2015-2016, respectively. A national external quality control program for HBV DNA and HCV RNA in Turkey has been prepared for the first time with this project and implemented successfully. All the data provided in the MOTAKK external quality control program final report, compensate all the data provided by the quality control program final reports from abroad; additionally, the report allows comparison of used technologies and commercial products