Between writer and reader : the relationship of the concept of audience to the teaching of composition

Traditionally the term rhetoric has been applied to the education of speakers on public occasions. Modem rhetoric has been characterized by a shift from spoken to written discourse and another shift from emphasis on the rhetor to emphasis on the audience. The purpose of this study is two-fold: to synthesize the major contributions to the study of audience, assessing their usefulness in the teaching of composition, and to analyze rhetorical action by presenting a model which will illuminate the relationship between writer and reader. The heritage of the rhetorical concept of audience can be traced back to the Rhetoric of Aristotle. The analysis of audience found in the Rhetoric can be of great value to students and teachers of written discourse. Aristotle treats rhetoric as an art which can be systematized, and is therefore teachable. Although Aristotelian rhetoric can be useful, it also has limitations for twentieth-century studies

Charlotte Bronte's Villette : the confessional perspective

The appearance of Charlotte Bronte's novel Villette In 1853 provoked a vigorous critical reaction, for the work marked a departure from the prevailing course of the novel in the mid-nineteenth century. The rise of industrialism and the moral convictions of a growing middleclass readership were helping to shape the novel into a panoramic social commentary. Dickens and Thackeray exemplify the novelists of the period whose works reflect a deep concern for the problems of a society in flux. Charlotte Bronte's concern is rather with the inner life of the individual. In Villette, the frank exploration of the emotional life of the heroine Lucy Snowe elicited attacks on the author's own moral philosophy. The fictional treatment of passion was a violation of conventional Victorian attitudes

Genetic switching during protein synthesis and the role of quadruplexes in HIV-1’s nef gene

HIV-1 is still a prominent global public health issue responsible for the deaths of over 1 million people annually. It is a very complex virus that has been extensively studied over the past decade. The virus has adapted several mechanisms to maintain a compact genome size while also producing required essential gene products in order to successfully replicate itself in an efficient manner. One of the ways it has been able to achieve this goal is to not obey the “rules” of the central dogma of molecular biology. The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, and with the outdated idea of one gene producing one protein, is oversimplified with our current knowledge of the virus. One way to maintain its strict, compact genome size requirement is to have inherent multiple reading frames in the same copy of its RNA. By utilizing a ribosomal frameshift, HIV-1 is able to produce multiple proteins without the addition of more genetic material. This has been extensively studied in the past, namely in the Gag-Pol polyprotein, which is only produced as a result of a ribosomal frameshift in the -1 direction. We are presenting a new mechanism by which HIV-1 induces a -1 ribosomal frameshift. Nef is a protein produced by the nef gene of HIV-1 and functions to improve viral replication and pathogenicity. It is known to downregulate CD4 and MHC Class I receptors in order to evade the host’s immune cell response. Deletion of the nef gene in the virus has been shown to prevent long-term patients who have been diagnosed with HIV-1 from progressing to AIDS, indicating the importance of the Nef protein and its role of pathogenesis. There are several requirements for a ribosomal frameshift to occur. These requirements, containing a heptameric sequence with the format of ‘X XXY YYZ’ and a pseudoknot or other RNA secondary structure separated by a length of 6-12 oligonucleotides, are all found in the nef gene. We hypothesize a -1 ribosomal frameshift is induced by the formation of a quadruplex (QPX). By utilizing an in vitro frameshift assay with a dual reporter fluorescence protein vector, where we have cloned two copies of nef gene fragments (one wild type and another with 3 specific bases modified to remove potential G QPX formation) in between a cerulean fluorescent protein and an orange fluorescent protein, we have found that the QPX in this region of nef is essential for inducing a -1 ribosomal frameshift. When three specific guanines in the nef region are modified into adenine bases, the ribosomal frameshifting event that occurs in the wild type is significantly reduced (p<0.0001), highlighting the importance between the formation of a QPX in the nef gene of HIV-1 and its role in inducing a frameshift in the -1 direction during protein synthesis

How Do We Forgive?: An Empirical Framework for the Underlying Processes of Overcoming Interpersonal Betrayal

Few studies have empirically examined the underlying processes of forgiveness. Perspective-taking has been depicted as an important precursor to forgiveness, specifically by means of empathic responding toward the offender (e.g., McCullough, Worthington, & Rachal, 1997). By contrast, Takaku (2001) proposed that forgiveness is merely a means of reducing cognitive dissonance that results from perspective-taking. The ultimate goal of this study was to test the dissonance model of forgiveness in an experimental design. Tesser and Cornell’s (1991) self-affirmation method of dissonance reduction was included to capture evidence of dissonance indirectly. A series of two-way ANOVAs was conducted to examine 3 (Perspective-Taking: Recall-Self-as-Transgressor; Imagine-Other; Control) x 2 (Self-Affirmation: Self-Affirmation; Summer Vacation Control) interactions for self-reported feelings of dissonance, forgiveness, positive and negative emotional reactions, and unforgiveness. The proposed dissonance-reduction model of forgiveness was not supported; however, findings did reveal an indirect effect of perspective-taking on forgiveness outcomes. Additional exploratory analyses addressed alternative causal paths between perspective-taking, attributions, and empathy for the offender. Implications are directed toward better understanding the ambiguous nature of the cognitive and emotional processes that help victims cultivate forgiveness and overcome the psychological burden of betrayal

The Effects Of Non-Manipulated Self-Esteem Levels On Cognitive Dissonance In A Forced Compliance Situation

In the current investigation, self-esteem was measured by Ss' actual scores on the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. Using a forced compliance essay writing task, evidence of dissonance was found only in the lowest of four levels of self-esteem. Questions about the present research, and implications for the areas of self-concept and cognitive dissonance were discussed

Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Specificity of Life Goals

This study explored the immediate effects of a course of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) for chronically depressed participants with a history of suicidality on the specificity of important goals for the future. Participants were randomly allocated to immediate treatment with MBCT or to a waitlist condition and life goals were assessed both before and after the treatment or waiting period. Results showed that participants receiving MBCT reported significantly more specific goals post-treatment whereas those allocated to the waitlist condition showed no significant change. Similarly, participants allocated to MBCT regarded themselves as significantly more likely to achieve their important goals post-treatment, whilst again there was no significant change in the waitlist group. Increases in goal specificity were associated with parallel increases in autobiographical memory specificity whereas increases in goal likelihood were associated with reductions in depressed mood. These results suggest that MBCT may enable participants to clarify their important goals and in doing so increase their confidence in their capacity to move in valued life directions

Measurement of the branching fraction and CP content for the decay B(0) -> D(*+)D(*-)

This is the pre-print version of the Article. The official published version can be accessed from the links below. Copyright @ 2002 APS.We report a measurement of the branching fraction of the decay B0→D*+D*- and of the CP-odd component of its final state using the BABAR detector. With data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.4  fb-1 collected at the Υ(4S) resonance during 1999–2000, we have reconstructed 38 candidate signal events in the mode B0→D*+D*- with an estimated background of 6.2±0.5 events. From these events, we determine the branching fraction to be B(B0→D*+D*-)=[8.3±1.6(stat)±1.2(syst)]×10-4. The measured CP-odd fraction of the final state is 0.22±0.18(stat)±0.03(syst).This work is supported by DOE and NSF (USA), NSERC (Canada), IHEP (China), CEA and CNRS-IN2P3 (France), BMBF (Germany), INFN (Italy), NFR (Norway), MIST (Russia), and PPARC (United Kingdom). Individuals have received support from the A.P. Sloan Foundation, Research Corporation, and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation

Measurement of D-s(+) and D-s(*+) production in B meson decays and from continuum e(+)e(-) annihilation at √s=10.6 GeV

This is the pre-print version of the Article. The official published version can be accessed from the links below. Copyright @ 2002 APSNew measurements of Ds+ and Ds*+ meson production rates from B decays and from qq̅ continuum events near the Υ(4S) resonance are presented. Using 20.8 fb-1 of data on the Υ(4S) resonance and 2.6 fb-1 off-resonance, we find the inclusive branching fractions B(B⃗Ds+X)=(10.93±0.19±0.58±2.73)% and B(B⃗Ds*+X)=(7.9±0.8±0.7±2.0)%, where the first error is statistical, the second is systematic, and the third is due to the Ds+→φπ+ branching fraction uncertainty. The production cross sections σ(e+e-→Ds+X)×B(Ds+→φπ+)=7.55±0.20±0.34pb and σ(e+e-→Ds*±X)×B(Ds+→φπ+)=5.8±0.7±0.5pb are measured at center-of-mass energies about 40 MeV below the Υ(4S) mass. The branching fractions ΣB(B⃗Ds(*)+D(*))=(5.07±0.14±0.30±1.27)% and ΣB(B⃗Ds*+D(*))=(4.1±0.2±0.4±1.0)% are determined from the Ds(*)+ momentum spectra. The mass difference m(Ds+)-m(D+)=98.4±0.1±0.3MeV/c2 is also measured.This work was supported by DOE and NSF (USA), NSERC (Canada), IHEP (China), CEA and CNRS-IN2P3 (France), BMBF (Germany), INFN (Italy), NFR (Norway), MIST (Russia), and PPARC (United Kingdom). Individuals have received support from the Swiss NSF, A. P. Sloan Foundation, Research Corporation, and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation

A Search for Dark Higgs Bosons

Recent astrophysical and terrestrial experiments have motivated the proposal of a dark sector with GeV-scale gauge boson force carriers and new Higgs bosons. We present a search for a dark Higgs boson using 516 fb-1 of data collected with the BABAR detector. We do not observe a significant signal and we set 90% confidence level upper limits on the product of the Standard Model-dark sector mixing angle and the dark sector coupling constant.Comment: 7 pages, 5 postscript figures, published version with improved plots for b/w printin

Observation of associated near-side and away-side long-range correlations in √sNN=5.02 TeV proton-lead collisions with the ATLAS detector

Two-particle correlations in relative azimuthal angle (Δϕ) and pseudorapidity (Δη) are measured in √sNN=5.02  TeV p+Pb collisions using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements are performed using approximately 1  μb-1 of data as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and the transverse energy (ΣETPb) summed over 3.1<η<4.9 in the direction of the Pb beam. The correlation function, constructed from charged particles, exhibits a long-range (2<|Δη|<5) “near-side” (Δϕ∼0) correlation that grows rapidly with increasing ΣETPb. A long-range “away-side” (Δϕ∼π) correlation, obtained by subtracting the expected contributions from recoiling dijets and other sources estimated using events with small ΣETPb, is found to match the near-side correlation in magnitude, shape (in Δη and Δϕ) and ΣETPb dependence. The resultant Δϕ correlation is approximately symmetric about π/2, and is consistent with a dominant cos⁡2Δϕ modulation for all ΣETPb ranges and particle pT