Solving Weighted Number of Operation Plus Processing Time Due-Date Assignment, Weighted Scheduling and Process Planning Integration Problem Using Genetic and Simulated Annealing Search Methods

Traditionally, the three important manufacturing functions, which are process planning, scheduling and due-date assignment, are performed separately and sequentially. For couple of decades, hundreds of studies are done on integrated process planning and scheduling problems and numerous researches are performed on scheduling with due date assignment problem, but unfortunately the integration of these three important functions are not adequately addressed. Here, the integration of these three important functions is studied by using genetic, random-genetic hybrid, simulated annealing, random-simulated annealing hybrid and random search techniques. As well, the importance of the integration of these three functions and the power of meta-heuristics and of hybrid heuristics are studied

Study on factors affecting mortality in nonagenarian patients in orthopaedic surgery

Background: With medicine advancing, population is aging in the world. We encounter elderly patients in operating rooms more often. In this study, the aim was to investigate mortality and morbidity rates of patients 90 years of age or older within 1 year from the date of operation due to fractures.Methods: The study was performed retrospectively in the 3rd stage health institution. All patients that had fracture operation in the operating rooms of the orthopaedics department between 2011 and 2017 and that were 90 years or older on the day of operation were included in the study. Patients who were operated twice were excluded from the study.Results: Around 83 patients of which were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 92.89±2.84. In-hospital mortality rate was 8.4%. The mortality rate within 3 months from the operation was 18.1%, 25.3% within 1 year, and 61.4% within 5 years or above. Author found that the mean survival period for the total of the surviving patients was 23.87±18.96 months. Author found that there was a meaningful causation between morbidity developing post-operation and in-hospital mortality, 3-month mortality, and 1-year mortality (p<0.05).Conclusions: Author think that it was important to recognize the fact that despite being more vulnerable, patients 90 years of age or older have a significant life expectancy post-hospital discharge. Author think that post-operation acute morbidity affects mortality rates and it was important to avoid factors that may cause acute morbidity in patients 90 years of age and older

Investigation of awareness and anxiety levels of pregnant women during pandemic process

Objectives: It is currently unknown that how pregnant women deal with the Coronavirus disease and its results. The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychological impact of the coronavirus pandemic on pregnant women and to determine whether pregnant women have sufficient knowledge and awareness for a healthy antenatal process. Material and methods: This study was conducted at two centers. Regardless of the gestational age, a questionnaire was distributed to 1003 pregnant women in total, from which 51 original questions we prepared. Five hundred twenty-six participants were included in the study. The questionnaire was delivered using the QR code method. The questionnaires were answered online by participants via SurveyMonkey. Results: The period when anxiety was highest was the 2nd trimester, whereas women in the 1st trimester had the lowest level of anxiety. High levels of awareness were observed in patients with heart disease, but patients with diabetes mellitus had a high level of anxiety. Conclusions: It is important to maintain the mental and physical health of pregnant women, who are in a more delicate condition than other individuals in the society. In this regard, healthcare professionals have important duties such as taking necessary precautions and explaining the seriousness of the situation to pregnant women

Discovery of a small molecule that selectively destabilizes Cryptochrome 1 and enhances life span in p53 knockout mice

Cryptochromes are negative transcriptional regulators of the circadian clock in mammals. It is not clear how reducing the level of endogenous CRY1 in mammals will affect circadian rhythm and the relation of such a decrease with apoptosis. Here, we discovered a molecule (M47) that destabilizes Cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) both in vitro and in vivo. The M47 selectively enhanced the degradation rate of CRY1 by increasing its ubiquitination and resulted in increasing the circadian period length of U2OS Bmal1-dLuc cells. In addition, subcellular fractionation studies from mice liver indicated that M47 increased degradation of the CRY1 in the nucleus. Furthermore, M47-mediated CRY1 reduction enhanced oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis in Ras-transformed p53 null fibroblast cells. Systemic repetitive administration of M47 increased the median lifespan of p53−/− mice by ~25%. Collectively our data suggest that M47 is a promising molecule to treat forms of cancer depending on the p53 mutation

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Sulfidlerin n-kloraminler kullanılarak sulfoksitlere stereoseçici olarak yükseltgenmesi.

Chiral sulfoxides are present in many biologically active compounds. Asymmetric synthesis of the sulfoxides has been performed by chiral metal complexes and chiral peroxides. Although the asymmetric organooxidation of sulfides by chiral peroxides proved to be successful, peroxides are difficult to handle and obtain. In this study, a new metal free method has been developed to oxidize sulfides to chiral sulfoxides with easily accessible chiral N-chloramines. For this purpose, chiral reagents were synthesized and chlorinated to yield N-chloramines. In oxidation reactions, chiral information has been transferred to sulfides with the transfer of chlorine onto sulfur from nitrogen. With N-chloramines, we observed enantioenriched sulfoxide formation. The results were also subjected to computational studies. These studies revealed that the amine-Cl goes through anion pair intermediate while imide-Cl transfers chlorine in an SN2 fashion. The observed results have been promising, yet the conditions still need to be further optimized.M.S. - Master of Scienc

Aromatik boronik asitlerin polibenzoksazin türevlerinin ve kompozitlerinin ısıl özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi.

Polybenzoxazines, a class of phenolics offering excellent mechanical and physical properties, have been developed to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional phenolic resins. These materials possess low water absorption, low melt viscosity, near-zero shrinkage upon curing and releasing no by-products. In addition, molecular design flexibility of benzoxazine monomers gives opportunity to adjust the properties of the polybenzoxazines according to the application area making them advantageous for various industrial and academic applications. Several methods such as preparation of alloys with other high performance polymers, hybridization with inorganics, designing of novel monomers and incorporation of additive compounds during curing process were employed to improve the performance of polybenzoxazines. In this work, polybenzoxazines and polybenzoxazine composites involving aromatic boronic acid derivatives were prepared to improve thermal characteristics. The effect of aromatic boronic acids on thermal characteristics of polybenzoxazines were investigated. In the first part, benzoxazines based on phenol and aniline or/and 3-amino phenyl boronic acid were synthesized. The monomers were polymerized by using optimized curing program. In the second part, benzoxazine monomer based on phenol and 4-aminomethyl benzoate was synthesized. The monomer was cured with and without incorporation of various amounts of aromatic boronic acids (benzene-1,4-diboronic acid, 4,4′-biphenyldiboronic acid, or 3-hydroxyphenylboronic acid). The structural and thermal characteristics of the benzoxazine monomers, polybenzoxazines and polybenzoxazine composites were analyzed by NMR, FTIR, DSC, TGA and DP-MS techniques. Improvement in the thermal characteristics were recorded by the incorporation of aromatic boronic acids either as an additive or as a reactant for the synthesis of the benzoxazine monomers.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Polymer Science and Technology

The effect of 3-hydroxyphenylboronic acid on thermal characteristics of polybenzoxazine based on phenol and 4-aminomethylbenzoate

In this study, a polybenzoxazine, (PPab) based on phenol and 4-aminomethyl benzoate and its composites containing various amounts of 3-hydroxyphenylboronic acid, (HB) were prepared by stepwise curing. It has been found that thermal properties of composites were improved as the amount of HB introduced was increased. The improvements in thermal characteristics were associated with condensation reactions of hydroxyl groups of polybenzoxazine and ester groups on the aniline linkages yielding a highly cross-linked structure. In addition, application of direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry, DP-MS, technique supplied information pointing out generation of a boroxine network by self-condensation reactions of B-OH groups

The effect of aromatic diboronic acid on characteristics of polybenzoxazine based on phenol and 4-aminomethylbenzoate

In this study, a polybenzoxazine, (PPab) based on phenol and 4-aminomethyl benzoate and its composites containing various amounts of 1,4-benzene diboronic acid, (BDBA) were synthesized by stepwise curing. It has been determined that both thermal stability and char yield were increased as the amount of BDBA incorporated was increased. The improvements in thermal characteristics were associated with condensation reactions of B-OH of BDBA and not only with hydroxyl groups of polybenzoxazine but also ester groups on the aniline linkages yielding a highly cross-linked structure. In addition, self-condensation reactions of B-OH groups generated boroxine net-work. Strong evidences for growth of this net-work on benzoate units of the polymer were detected