Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.Peer reviewe

Investigation of social, emotional and cognitive factors with effect on suicidal ideation in depressed adolescents

Depresyon ve intihar davranışının sıklıkla birlikte bulunacağı düşünülse de, depresyonu olan ergenlerin sadece bir kısmının intihar düşüncesi vardır ve bunlarında ancak bir bölümü intihar girişiminde bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamızda, depresif ergenlerde intihar düşüncesinin gelişmesinde ve intihar girişimine dönüşmesinde rol oynayan sosyal, kognitif ve emosyonel faktörlerin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya, Depresif Bozukluk tanısı alan 12–18 yaş arası 63 ergen (48 kız, 15 erkek) hasta dahil edilmiş, yaş ortalaması 192,2±15,7 ay olarak saptanmıştır. Yüz yüze görüşmelerde hastaların intihar düşünceleri, intihar planları, geçmiş intihar girişimleri değerlendirilmiş, sosyo–demografik veriler saptanmıştır. Ayrıca Çocuklar İçin Depresyon Envanteri, Durumluluk–Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri (STAI–I, STAI–II), Kısa Semptom Envanteri, Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği, Coopersmith Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği, Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği, Güçler ve Güçlükler Anketi Ergen ve Anne– Baba Formu (SDQ–E, SDQ–AB) uygulanmıştır. İstatistiksel analizlerde SPSS uygulanmıştır. Depresyonu olan ergenlerde intihar düşüncesi ile ilişkili faktörler: yüksek depresyon ve anksiyete düzeyleri, umutsuzluk, düşük benlik saygısı, algılanan toplam sosyal desteğin ve arkadaş desteğinin düşüklüğü, somatizasyon, hostilite, psikotisizm, emosyonel güçlükler ve akran ilişkileri ile ilgili güçlükler olarak saptanmıştır (p<0,05). İntihar girişimi ile ilişkili faktörler ise: dağılmış aileden gelme, baba eğitim düzeyinin düşüklüğü, algılanan toplam sosyal desteğin ve aile desteğinin düşüklüğü, yüksek oranda davranışsal ve dikkat eksikliği–hiperaktivite ile ilişkili güçlüklerin varlığı olarak saptanmıştır (p<0,05). İntihar girişimi olan hastalarda, intihar düşüncesi olup girişimi olmayan hastalara göre saptanan tek fark; algılanan aile desteğinin daha düşük olması olmuştur (p<0,05). İntihar düşüncesinin gelişmesi ve bu düşüncenin intihar girişimine dönüşmesi ile ilgili faktörlerin dikkate alınması, depresif ergenlerin intihar girişimlerini önlemede klinisyenlere yardımcı olacaktır.Although it is often thought that depression and suicidal behaviour would occur together, only some depressed adolescents have suicidal ideation, of which only a part perform suicide attempts. Our study aimed at investigating social, emotional and cognitive factors playing a role in the development of suicidal ideation in depressed adolescents and its turning into a suicide attempt. Sixtythree adolescents (48 female, 15 male) aged 12 to 18 years were included in the study. Mean age was 192.2±15.7 months. In face to face interviews, suicide ideation, suicide plans, past suicide attempts were evaluated, sociodemographic data were collected. Additionally, Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I, II), Brief Symptom Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Strengths and Difficulties Questionniare (SDQ) adolecent and parent forms were applied. SPSS was used for statistical analyses. Factors associated with suicidal ideation in depressed adolescents were: high depression and anxiety levels, hopelessness, low self-esteem, lower perceived social support and friend support, somatisation, hostility, psychotisism, emotional diffiulties, difficulties in peer relations (p<0,05). Factors associated with suicide attempts were: parted family background, low paternal education level, lower perceived total social support and family support, high rates of conduct and attention deficit-hyperactivity associated difficulties (p<0.05). Patients with suicide attempt differed from patients with suicidal ideation but without suicide attempt only in lower perceived family support (p<0.05). Considering factors associated wtih the development of suicidal ideation and its turning into a suicide attempt, will help clinicians to prevent suicide attempts of depressed adolescents

Adenotonsiller hipertrofisi olan okul öncesi çocuklarda gelişimsel gecikmeler

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effects of adenotonsillar hypertrophy on general development, as well as fine and gross motor capabilities, social communication, and language development in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy by applying the Denver Developmental Screening Test-II.Patients and Methods: The study included 30 patients (12 boys, 18 girls; mean age 53.3&plusmn;12.2 months; range 32 to 72 months) who were indicated for adenotonsillectomy due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy between February 2013 and July 2013. The control group comprised 30 children participants (12 boys, 18 girls; mean age 53.1&plusmn;12.8 months; range 32 to 72 months) with no adenotonsillectomy indication. All participants included in the study were performed routine physical examination, flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy, and tympanometry. Brodsky scale and fiberendoscopic findings were used to categorize tonsil and adenoid sizes, respectively. Following ear, nose, and throat evaluation, a psychologist conducted Denver Developmental Screening Test-II in all participants blindly.Results: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy patients had higher abnormal levels of general development (c2=7.13, p=0.028). Although patients and controls had similar levels of fine motor, gross motor, and personal-social development levels, there was a statistically borderline difference between them in terms of language development (t=1.82, p=0.074).Conclusion: The possibility of adenotonsillar hypertrophy should definitely be considered in children with delayed general and language developments.Amaç: Bu çalışmada adenotonsiller hipertrofili çocuklarda Denver Gelişimsel Tarama Testi-2 uygulanarak adenotonsiller hipertrofinin genel gelişimin yanı sıra ince ve kaba motor yetenekler, sosyal iletişim ve dil gelişimi üzerindeki etkileri araştırıldı.Hastalar ve Yöntemler: Şubat 2013 - Temmuz 2013 tarihleri arasında adenotonsiller hipertrofi nedeniyle adenotonsillektomi endikasyonu konulan 30 hasta (12 erkek, 18 kız; ort. yaş 53.3±12.2 ay; dağılım 32-72 ay) çalışmaya dahil edildi. Kontrol grubuna adenotonsillektomi endikasyonu olmayan 30 çocuk katılımcı (12 erkek, 18 kız; ort. yaş 53.1±12.8 ay; dağılım 32-72 ay) dahil edildi. Çalışmaya alınan tüm katılımcılara rutin fizik muayene, fleksibl fiberoptik nazofarengoskopi ve timpanometri uygulandı. Tonsil ve adenoid boyutlarını sınıflandırmak için sırasıyla Brodsky skalası ve fiberendoskopik bulgular kullanıldı. Kulak, burun, boğaz değerlendirmesinin ardından tüm katılımcılara bir psikolog tarafından kör olarak Denver Gelişimsel Tarama Testi-2 uygulandı.Bulgular: Adenotonsiller hipertrofi hastalarının anormal genel gelişim seviyeleri daha yüksek idi (c2=7.13, p=0.028). Hastalar ve kontrollerin ince ve kaba motor ile kişisel-sosyal gelişim düzeyleri benzer olmasına karşın dil gelişimi açısından aralarında istatistiksel olarak sınır düzeyde farklılık vardı (t=1.82, p=0.074).Sonuç: Genel gelişim ve dil gelişimi geriliği olan çocuklarda adenotonsiller hipertrofi olasılığı mutlaka akla getirilmelidir

Adaptation of Internet Gaming Disorder Questionnaire to Turkish: Reliability and Validity Study

Objective: This study aims to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Internet Gaming Disorder Questionnaire

Sociodemographic characteristics and psychiatric evaluation of girls who were married at younger age and referred for criminal evaluation

Objective: Although the early marriage has decreased worldwide, considerable proportions of girls continue to marry as children. The aim of this study was to examine sociodemografic characteristics, and diagnosis of mental disorders of girls who married younger than 15 years and referred for criminal evaluation. Methods: Forty-eight girls who reported marriage prior to age 15 years, and at the time of evaluation prior to age 18 years were evaluated. Case files, and social observation reports were examined retrospectively by the researchers. The diagnoses of mental disorders were determined with clinical interview based on DSM-IV. Results: It was determined that 45.8% of cases had at least one mental disorder diagnosis and the most frequent diagnoses were major depressive disorder, and adjustment disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder was detected in 8.2% of cases. 22.9% of cases were married without their consent. 14.6% of cases exposed to physical abuse, and 27.1% of cases had emotional violence by the person they married. 29.2% of cases reported suicidal ideation and 20.8% of cases had suicide attempts. When cases were categorized according to sociodemographic characteristics, a higher rate of mental disorder was found in the cases including marriages of those who did not want to marry, who did not know the person they married before the marriage, who lived in extended families after marriage, who married with people without jobs (unemployed, in prison, at military service), and those exposed to physical and emotional violence by the person they married. Discussion: Although the sample of our study comprises only cases were referred for criminal evaluation, our findings revealed that girls who were married at younger ages were at risk for mental disorders. Our results suggest that essential steps should be taken to protect mental health, and prevent early marriages

Online sexual solicitation in adolescents; socio-demographic risk factors and association with psychiatric disorders, especially posttraumatic stress disorder

Technological developments and increased use of the intemet created some risks for adolescents, such as online sexual solicitation (OSS). The aim of this study is to examine the sociodemographic risk factors of OSS and the association between OSS and psychiatric disorders in a psychiatric clinical sample. The study was conducted with 189 adolescents. The psychiatric evaluation was performed with DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.) based psychiatric interviews and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used. OSS was defined by questions that are used in previous studies and that predict exposure to OSS. The participants were divided into two groups and compared. In addition, the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index was answered by the participants who exposed to OSS. The prevalence of OSS was determined as 21.1%. Depressive disorder, borderline personality disorder, and secondary psychiatric diagnosis are significantly higher in adolescents who exposed to OSS. The rate of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) development after exposure to OSS was determined as 57.8%. These results indicate that OSS is a severe trauma that occurs at a high rate, and it is associated with psychiatric problems, especially PTSD

The Relationship between Online Sexual Solicitation and Internet Addiction in Adolescents

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between online sexual solicitation (OSS) and internet accessibility, usage, and addiction in adolescents. The study was conducted with 48 adolescents who had been exposed to OSS and 48 age- and sex-matched adolescents who had not been exposed to OSS. Internet addiction (IA) was determined by the Young Internet Addiction Scale. The groups were compared in terms of socio-demographic characteristics, internet access facilities, internet use characteristics, psychiatric disorders, and IA. The results showed that the duration of daily internet use, the purpose of internet use, and the rate of IA were significantly higher in the OSS-exposed group than in the control group. Depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder were more common in the OSS group than in the control group. Results revealed that the association between OSS and IA is independent of psychiatric disorders. In conclusion, the evaluation of adolescents exposed to OSS, in terms of IA and the measures and interventions to be taken in this regard, will contribute to the prevention of new exposures. Additionally, considering that OSS may be among the possible negative consequences of IA, evaluating adolescents with IA in terms of OSS will provide significant benefits

Suicidal behavior and associated factors in sexually abused adolescents

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to determine the rate of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in sexually abused adolescents and to determine the factors associated with suicidal behavior

Suicidal behavior and associated factors in sexually abused adolescents

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to determine the rate of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in sexually abused adolescents and to determine the factors associated with suicidal behavior

Re-evaluating the Digital Gaming Profiles of Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Analysis Comprising 2 Years of Pre-Pandemic Data

In this study, we aimed to examine the technology use behaviors and problematic gaming profiles of children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic lockdown period. We compared the findings with data collected before the pandemic. The Internet Gaming Disorder Questionnaire (IGDQ) was distributed online to students aged 10 to 18 years. More than half of the participants (54%) spent more time playing digital games during the pandemic. Compared with the data from May 2018, the time spent playing digital games and the total score of the IGDQ were significantly higher in boys than in girls (p<0.001). The percentage of students who spent over 40 hours a week playing digital games was 3.9% in May 2018 compared with 8.7% in June 2020. Before the pandemic, 43.6% of the participants reported that they had spent 8 hours or more per week on digital gaming, whereas this amount was as high as 683% during the pandemic. Male students spent more time on digital gaming, while female students spent more time on social media and testing. Despite the list of uncontrolled confounders in this study, children and adolescents are likely to spend more time on digital gaming. The subsequent psychosocial impact may require further attention, especially during lockdown restrictions