Determinação de cobalto em vinho e mosto por espectrofotometria de absorção atómica com atomização electrotérmica. Desenvolvimento e validação do método de análise

An electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry method was optimized to quantify cobalt in musts and wines, especially within quality control scope. As far as wine samples are concerned, the method involves reduced risk of contamination by eliminating prior treatment other than dilution (1:2). For must samples a pre-treatment is needed, in order to destroy the organic matter that could interfere with the analytical determination. A conventional thermal program (with pyrolysis step), with and without matrix modifier [Mg(NO3)2], was developed and optimized. Pyrolysis and atomization curves were studied using a Co standard solution, must and wine samples. The analytical figures of merit of the method such as linearity of the calibration curve, specificity (standard additions test), accuracy, analytical limits and precision were studied using wine samples. The linear dynamic range under optimized conditions was 0.4-10.0 μg/L. The recoveries were between 87% and 98% for all of the wines and addition levels used in the test. The method presents a very satisfactory specificity for red wines, while matrix effect was observed for white wines. The limit of detection in undiluted wines was 0.8 μg/L. Repeatability was lower than 0.7 μg/L (RSD < 5%). For accuracy evaluation, Co content in six wine samples and one Co standard solution, from an international collaborative trial, was determined by ETAAS and ICP-MS with comparable results (in general the differences were lower than 5%). Bearing in mind that must samples are previously digested, it is expected that the method performance parameters are at least as favourable as those observed with wines.-----------------------------------------Apresenta-se a optimização de um método de análise para a determinação de cobalto, em mostos e vinhos, por espectrofotometria de absorção atómica com atomização electrotérmica. A preparação das amostras de vinho consiste na sua diluição (1:2), pelo que o risco de contaminação é reduzido. No caso das amostras de mosto, é necessário eliminar previamente a matéria orgânica, susceptível de causar interferências na determinação analítica. Foi optimizado um programa térmico convencional (com etapa de pirólise), com e sem adição de modificador de matriz [Mg(NO3)2]. As curvas de pirólise e de atomização foram estabelecidas com recurso a uma solução padrão de Co, mosto e vinho tintos. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características do método: linearidade da curva de calibração, especificidade (teste das adições de padrão), exactidão, limites analíticos e precisão. A gama de trabalho do método é de 0.4 a 10.0 μg/L. As taxas de recuperação variaram entre 87% e 98%, para todos os vinhos e níveis de adição utilizados no teste. A especificidade do método é bastante satisfatória para vinhos tintos, tendo sido verificada a existência de efeito de matriz nos vinhos brancos. A quantidade mínima de analito doseável em vinhos é de 0,8 μg/L e o valor da repetibilidade inferior a 0,7 μg/L (CV < 5%). A exactidão do método foi avaliada por comparação de resultados analíticos obtidos por aplicação do método proposto (ETAAS) e de um método ICP-MS, a amostras originárias de um ensaio colaborativo internacional. As diferenças observadas foram, em geral, inferiores a 5%. É de admitir que as características do método (com excepção da praticabilidade), quando aplicado a mosto, sejam no mínimo tão favoráveis quanto aquelas observadas na sua aplicação a vinhos, uma vez que as amostras de mosto são previamente mineralizadas

Desenvolvimento de um procedimento de mineralização de mosto para análise elementar por digestão por microondas

Analytical NoteThe present work describes the development and validation of a high pressure microwave-assisted mineralization procedure for the determination of metals in grape must by spectrometric techniques. Metals of special oenological and food safety importance (Al, Co, Cu, Cd, Pb) were used as model elements to achieve the optimum working conditions. The study was conducted by monitoring their concentration in experimental samples by ETAAS. Different combinations of HNO3 and H2O2 were tested and an optimal volume of 1 mL of each reagent, added to 2 mL of sample, was selected for further studies. In comparison with experimental conditions described in literature for the mineralization of grape must and wine by HPMW, the proposed procedure requires very low reagent consumption. Time and temperature were regarded as factors in the optimization study of microwave oven program, resulting in 72 minutes of extension including ventilation. The procedure trueness and precision were evaluated using grape must and wine samples. For each element three different levels of addition were performed. The recovery range was from 94% (Co) to 113% (Pb) in grape must and from 96% (Cu) to 128% (Al) in wine. Relative standard deviations ranged from 1% (Cd) to 11% (Al) in grape must and from 2% (Cd, Pb) to 9% (Co) in wine (n = 10). The proposed procedure is suitable for grape must and wine mineralization with a view to trace element analysis

Contaminant elements in wines: a review

Approximately ten years after a first critical review of the authors on the occurrence of contaminant elements in wine, the subject remains of the utmost importance within the technological, food safety and legal concern. Future developments on toxicological and analytical field, as well as on international trade, will promote changes in existing regulations. Increasing concern with wine food safety may lead to the enlargement of the list of elements to control, and the change of terms in which the acceptable maximum limits are established. This paper, based on the introduction chapter of a Doctoral Thesis, presents a brief approach to the mineral composition of wine, and reviews a large group of contaminant elements (information also systematized in a table), including research results obtained by the authors. Aspects such as origin, levels of occurrence, evolution throughout the technological processes, potential sources of contamination, distribution under different chemical species, toxicity, analytical determination and acceptable maximum limits, vary considerably among contaminant elements

A sensory and chemical approach to the aroma of wooden aged Lourinhã wine brandy

The maturation of wine brandies in wooden barrels origin many sensory and physical-chemical changes in these alcoholic beverages. This work studies the odorants in different aged brandies from Lourinhã. These brandies were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to olfactometry (CG-O). A panel taster profiled these brandies and the identified odorants were also quantified by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (CG-FID). The CG-O results showed 29 identified odorants (alcohols, esters, acids and phenols. Some of them are proceeding from the distillate while others are extracted from the wood. The analysis of the correlation between the sensory profiles and the odorant quantification pointed out the relevance of several wood compounds for the brandy aroma, namely the vanillin, volatile phenols and furanic aldehydes. These compounds presented important correlations with several olfactory attributes like vanilla, toasted dried fruits, woody, which influence positively the quality of the brandies

Effect of heat treatment on the thermal and chemical modifications of oak and chestnut wood used in brandy ageing

The effects of temperature and frequency of moistening during the first phase of the heath treatment (bending phase) on the simultaneous response of different kinds of wood (Portuguese chestnut, Rumanian and American oak wood) used in brandy ageing were studied. The evolution of the wood temperature was measured by K thermocouple probes. The wood extractable compounds (phenolic acids, phenolic aldehydes, coumarins and furanic derivatives) were analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that the thermal distribution along the thickness of the stave is influenced by the temperature and frequency of moistening, and also, by the botanical species. It was verified that the bending phase is of great importance for the barrel quality not only for this impact on the physical and mechanical properties of the wood but also for its effect on the wood chemical composition

Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests.Additional co-authors: Susan Laurance, William Laurance, Francoise Yoko Ishida, Andrew Marshall, Catherine Waite, Hannsjoerg Woell, Jean-Francois Bastin, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Pfascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Charles De Canniere, Thales de Haulleville, Jean-Louis Doucet, Olivier Hardy, Wannes Hubau, Elizabeth Kearsley, Hans Verbeeck, Jason Vleminckx, Steven W. Brewer, Alfredo Alarcón, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eric Arets, Luzmila Arroyo, Ezequiel Chavez, Todd Fredericksen, René Guillén Villaroel, Gloria Gutierrez Sibauty, Timothy Killeen, Juan Carlos Licona, John Lleigue, Casimiro Mendoza, Samaria Murakami, Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Guido Pardo, Marielos Peña-Claros, Lourens Poorter, Marisol Toledo, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Laura Jessica Viscarra, Vincent Vos, Jorge Ahumada, Everton Almeida, Jarcilene Almeida, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Wesley Alves da Cruz, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Flávio Amorim Obermuller, Ana Andrade, Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Ana Carla Aquino, Luiz Aragão, Ana Claudia Araújo, Marco Antonio Assis, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin Gomes, Fabrício Baccaro, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Paulo Barni, Jorcely Barroso, Luis Carlos Bernacci, Kauane Bordin, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Igor Broggio, José Luís Camargo, Domingos Cardoso, Maria Antonia Carniello, Andre Luis Casarin Rochelle, Carolina Castilho, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro, Wendeson Castro, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Flávia Costa, Rodrigo Costa de Oliveira, Italo Coutinho, John Cunha, Lola da Costa, Lucia da Costa Ferreira, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Marta da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Vitor de Andrade Kamimura, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Lia de Oliveira Melo, Luciano de Queiroz, José Romualdo de Sousa Lima, Mário do Espírito Santo, Tomas Domingues, Nayane Cristina dos Santos Prestes, Steffan Eduardo Silva Carneiro, Fernando Elias, Gabriel Eliseu, Thaise Emilio, Camila Laís Farrapo, Letícia Fernandes, Gustavo Ferreira, Joice Ferreira, Leandro Ferreira, Socorro Ferreira, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Maria Aparecida Freitas, Queila S. García, Angelo Gilberto Manzatto, Paulo Graça, Frederico Guilherme, Eduardo Hase, Niro Higuchi, Mariana Iguatemy, Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa, Margarita Jaramillo, Carlos Joly, Joice Klipel, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Carolina Levis, Antonio S. Lima, Maurício Lima Dan, Aline Lopes, Herison Madeiros, William E. Magnusson, Rubens Manoel dos Santos, Beatriz Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Roberta Marotti Martelletti Grillo, Luiz Martinelli, Simone Matias Reis, Salomão Medeiros, Milton Meira-Junior, Thiago Metzker, Paulo Morandi, Natanael Moreira do Nascimento, Magna Moura, Sandra Cristina Müller, Laszlo Nagy, Henrique Nascimento, Marcelo Nascimento, Adriano Nogueira Lima, Raimunda Oliveira de Araújo, Jhonathan Oliveira Silva, Marcelo Pansonato, Gabriel Pavan Sabino, Karla Maria Pedra de Abreu, Pablo José Francisco Pena Rodrigues, Maria Piedade, Domingos Rodrigues, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Carlos Quesada, Eliana Ramos, Rafael Ramos, Priscyla Rodrigues, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Rafael Salomão, Flávia Santana, Marcos Scaranello, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Juliana Schietti, Jochen Schöngart, Gustavo Schwartz, Natalino Silva, Marcos Silveira, Cristiana Simão Seixas, Marta Simbine, Ana Claudia Souza, Priscila Souza, Rodolfo Souza, Tereza Sposito, Edson Stefani Junior, Julio Daniel do Vale, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Dora Villela, Marcos Vital, Haron Xaud, Katia Zanini, Charles Eugene Zartman, Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris, Faizah binti Hj Metali, Kamariah Abu Salim, Muhd Shahruney Saparudin, Rafizah Mat Serudin, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Serge Begne, George Chuyong, Marie Noel Djuikouo, Christelle Gonmadje, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Bonaventure Sonké, Hermann Taedoumg, Lise Zemagho, Sean Thomas, Fidèle Baya, Gustavo Saiz, Javier Silva Espejo, Dexiang Chen, Alan Hamilton, Yide Li, Tushou Luo, Shukui Niu, Han Xu, Zhang Zhou, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Juan Carlos Andrés Escobar, Henry Arellano-Peña, Jaime Cabezas Duarte, Jhon Calderón, Lina Maria Corrales Bravo, Borish Cuadrado, Hermes Cuadros, Alvaro Duque, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Sandra Milena Espinosa, Rebeca Franke-Ante, Hernando García, Alejandro Gómez, Roy González-M., Álvaro Idárraga-Piedrahíta, Eliana Jimenez, Rubén Jurado, Wilmar López Oviedo, René López-Camacho, Omar Aurelio Melo Cruz, Irina Mendoza Polo, Edwin Paky, Karen Pérez, Angel Pijachi, Camila Pizano, Adriana Prieto, Laura Ramos, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, James Richardson, Elkin Rodríguez, Gina M. Rodriguez M., Agustín Rudas, Pablo Stevenson, Markéta Chudomelová, Martin Dancak, Radim Hédl, Stanislav Lhota, Martin Svatek, Jacques Mukinzi, Corneille Ewango, Terese Hart, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Janvier Lisingo, Jean-Remy Makana, Faustin Mbayu, Benjamin Toirambe, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Lars Kvist, Gustav Nebel, Selene Báez, Carlos Céron, Daniel M. Griffith, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, David Neill, Walter Palacios, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Gorky Villa, Sheleme Demissie, Tadesse Gole, Techane Gonfa, Kalle Ruokolainen, Michel Baisie, Fabrice Bénédet, Wemo Betian, Vincent Bezard, Damien Bonal, Jerôme Chave, Vincent Droissart, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Annette Hladik, Nicolas Labrière, Pétrus Naisso, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Plinio Sist, Lilian Blanc, Benoit Burban, Géraldine Derroire, Aurélie Dourdain, Clement Stahl, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Eric Chezeaux, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Vincent Medjibe, Vianet Mihindou, Lee White, Heike Culmsee, Cristabel Durán Rangel, Viviana Horna, Florian Wittmann, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ernest Foli, Michael Balinga, Anand Roopsind, James Singh, Raquel Thomas, Roderick Zagt, Indu K. Murthy, Kuswata Kartawinata, Edi Mirmanto, Hari Priyadi, Ismayadi Samsoedin, Terry Sunderland, Ishak Yassir, Francesco Rovero, Barbara Vinceti, Bruno Hérault, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Kanehiro Kitayama, Armandu Daniels, Darlington Tuagben, John T. Woods, Muhammad Fitriadi, Alexander Karolus, Kho Lip Khoon, Noreen Majalap, Colin Maycock, Reuben Nilus, Sylvester Tan, Almeida Sitoe, Indiana Coronado G., Lucas Ojo, Rafael de Assis, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Douglas Sheil, Karen Arévalo Pezo, Hans Buttgenbach Verde, Victor Chama Moscoso, Jimmy Cesar Cordova Oroche, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Jano de Rutte Corzo, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Luis Freitas, Darcy Galiano Cabrera, Roosevelt García Villacorta, Karina Garcia Cabrera, Diego García Soria, Leticia Gatica Saboya, Julio Miguel Grandez Rios, Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Eurídice Honorio Coronado, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Yuri Tomas Huillca Aedo, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Vanesa Moreano Rodriguez, Percy Núñez Vargas, Sonia Cesarina Palacios Ramos, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Antonio Peña Cruz, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, José Reyna Huaymacari, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Marcos Antonio Ríos Paredes, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Rocio del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Maria Elena Rojas Peña, Norma Salinas Revilla, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Raul Tupayachi Trujillo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Jim Vega Arenas, Christian Amani, Suspense Averti Ifo, Yannick Bocko, Patrick Boundja, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Mireille Hockemba, Donatien Nzala, Alusine Fofanah, David Taylor, Guillermo Bañares-de Dios, Luis Cayuela, Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda, Manuel Macía, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Verginia Wortel, Toby Gardner, Robert Muscarella, Hari Priyadi, Ervan Rutishauser, Kuo-Jung Chao, Pantaleo Munishi, Olaf Bánki, Frans Bongers, Rene Boot, Gabriella Fredriksson, Jan Reitsma, Hans ter Steege, Tinde van Andel, Peter van de Meer, Peter van der Hout, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Bert van Ulft, Elmar Veenendaal, Ronald Vernimmen, Pieter Zuidema, Joeri Zwerts, Perpetra Akite, Robert Bitariho, Colin Chapman, Eilu Gerald, Miguel Leal, Patrick Mucunguzi, Miguel Alexiades, Timothy R. Baker, Karina Banda, Lindsay Banin, Jos Barlow, Amy Bennett, Erika Berenguer, Nicholas Berry, Neil M. Bird, George A. Blackburn, Francis Brearley, Roel Brienen, David Burslem, Lidiany Carvalho, Percival Cho, Fernanda Coelho, Murray Collins, David Coomes, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Greta Dargie, Kyle Dexter, Mat Disney, Freddie Draper, Muying Duan, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Robert Ewers, Belen Fadrique, Sophie Fauset, Ted R. Feldpausch, Filipe França, David Galbraith, Martin Gilpin, Emanuel Gloor, John Grace, Keith Hamer, David Harris, Tommaso Jucker, Michelle Kalamandeen, Bente Klitgaard, Aurora Levesley, Simon L. Lewis, Jeremy Lindsell, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Jon Lovett, Yadvinder Malhi, Toby Marthews, Emma McIntosh, Karina Melgaço, William Milliken, Edward Mitchard, Peter Moonlight, Sam Moore, Alexandra Morel, Julie Peacock, Kelvin Peh, Colin Pendry, R. Toby Pennington, Luciana de Oliveira Pereira, Carlos Peres, Oliver L. Phillips, Georgia Pickavance, Thomas Pugh, Lan Qie, Terhi Riutta, Katherine Roucoux, Casey Ryan, Tiina Sarkinen, Camila Silva Valeria, Dominick Spracklen, Suzanne Stas, Martin Sullivan, Michael Swaine, Joey Talbot, James Taplin, Geertje van der Heijden, Laura Vedovato, Simon Willcock, Mathew Williams, Luciana Alves, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Gabriel Arellano, Cheryl Asa, Peter Ashton, Gregory Asner, Terry Brncic, Foster Brown, Robyn Burnham, Connie Clark, James Comiskey, Gabriel Damasco, Stuart Davies, Tony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, William Farfan-Rios, Jefferson Hall, David Kenfack, Thomas Lovejoy, Roberta Martin, Olga Martha Montiel, John Pipoly, Nigel Pitman, John Poulsen, Richard Primack, Miles Silman, Marc Steininger, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Duncan Thomas, Peter Umunay, Maria Uriarte, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Ophelia Wang, Kenneth Young, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Lionel Hernández, Rafael Herrera Fernández, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Pedro Salcedo, Elio Sanoja, Julio Serrano, Armando Torres-Lezama, Tinh Cong Le, Trai Trong Le, Hieu Dang Tra

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Vulnerabilidades VoIP: um estudo de caso sobre algumas vulnerabilidades existentes no protocolo SIP

The VoIP technology is an increasingly widespread and used today. In organizations has become a trend and has increased its growth among users with Internet access. Due to its rise, many changes are made to improve communication, especially the creation of SIP (Session Initial Protocol) able to initiate, modify and terminate multimedia sessions by means of messages transmitted in plain text over the network. Despite the advantages offered by this technology, it brought some concerns, mainly related to the integrity of the information provided in the SIP protocol. Attacks that use vulnerabilities in this protocol may generate various damages, losses and bring those who use this type of communication. In this sense, the present work was to study and analyze some of these vulnerabilities in VoIP systems, focusing only on attacks on the SIP protocol. This analysis was performed using a scenario set up to simulate three vulnerabilities studied during the development, they are: theft record, flood attack and malicious messages. As a result of these simulations, it became apparent that the SIP protocol is a very fragile when it is unprotected, and these weaknesses can cause serious damage to the structure in that it provides communication. It is concluded that VoIP platforms using SIP for transport of information, should be implemented taking into account an added protection for this protocol, thus preventing malicious users will enjoy the same information.O VoIP é uma tecnologia cada vez mais difundida e utilizada nos dias atuais. Nas organizações já virou uma tendência e vem aumentando o seu crescimento entre usuários com acesso à Internet. Devido a sua ascensão, inúmeras evoluções são realizadas para melhorar a comunicação, destacando-se a criação do protocolo SIP (Session Initial Protocol) capaz de iniciar, alterar e finalizar sessões multimídia através de mensagens transmitidas em formato texto pela rede. Apesar das vantagens oferecidas por esta tecnologia, ela trouxe algumas preocupações, principalmente relacionadas à integridade das informações disponibilizadas no protocolo SIP. Ataques que se utilizam das vulnerabilidades existentes neste protocolo podem gerar diversos danos, e trazer prejuízos a quem utiliza este tipo de comunicação. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar e analisar algumas das vulnerabilidades presentes nos sistemas VoIP, focando apenas nos ataques ao protocolo SIP. Esta análise foi realizada através de um cenário montado para simular três vulnerabilidades estudadas no decorrer do desenvolvimento, são elas: roubo de registro, ataque de flood e mensagens maliciosas. Como resultado dessas simulações, ficou visível que o SIP é um protocolo bastante frágil quando está desprotegido, e essas fragilidades podem causar graves danos na estrutura em que ele fornece comunicação. Conclui-se então que, plataformas VoIP que utilizam o SIP para transporte das informações, devem ser implantadas levando em consideração uma maior proteção deste protocolo, evitando assim, que usuários maliciosos venham a desfrutar das informações do mesmo

Determination of zinc in wine by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Validation of the analytical method

O doseamento do zinco (Zn) em vinhos justifica-se pelo seu potencial efeito tóxico sob o organismo humano e ainda por se encontrar na origem de acidentes de estabilidade fisico-quimica, No presente artigo, é apresentada a descrição e caracterização intralaboratorial do método de determinação analítica do etor total de Zn em vinhos por espectrofotometria de absorção atómica com chama. A praticabilidade, especificidade, modelo matemático da curva de calibração, limites analiticos, taxas de recuperação e aplicabilidade, repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade intralaboratorial, são algumas das caracteristicas avaliadas, tendo sido utilizados vinhos brancos, tintos e licorosos para o seu estudo