Semi-Inverse Method in the Nonlinear Dynamics

The semi-inverse method based on using an internal small parameter of the nonlinear problems is discussed on the examples of the chain of coupled pendula and of the forced pendulum. The efficiency of such approach is highly appeared when the non-stationary dynamical problems are considered. In the framework of this method we demonstrate that both the spectrum of nonlinear normal modes and the interaction of them can be analysed successfully

Nonlinear vibrations and energy exchange of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Radial breathing modes

In this paper, the nonlinear vibrations and energy exchange of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are analysed. The Sanders-Koiter shell theory is used to model the nonlinear dynamics of the system in the case of finite amplitude of vibration. The SWNT deformation is described in terms of longitudinal, circumferential and radial displacement fields. Simply supported, clamped and free boundary conditions are applied. The resonant interaction between radial breathing (axisymmetric) modes (RBMs) is analysed. An energy method, based on the Lagrange equations, is considered in order to reduce the nonlinear partial differential equations of motion to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which is then solved applying the implicit Runge-Kutta numerical method. The present model is validated in linear field comparing the RBM natural frequencies numerically predicted with data reported in the literature from experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. The nonlinear energy exchange between the two halves along the SWNT axis in the time is studied for different amplitudes of initial excitation applied to the two lowest frequency resonant RBMs. The influence of the SWNT aspect ratio on the numerical value of the nonlinear energy beating period under different boundary conditions is analysed

Energy localization in carbon nanotubes

In this paper, the energy localization phenomena in low-frequency nonlinear oscillations of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are analysed. The SWNTs dynamics is studied in the framework of the Sanders-Koiter shell theory. Simply supported and free boundary conditions are considered. The effect of the aspect ratio on the analytical and numerical values of the localization threshold is investigated in nonlinear field

Nonlinear vibrations and energy distribution of carbon nanotubes

The nonlinear vibrations of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes are analysed. The Sanders-Koiter elastic shell theory is applied in order to obtain the elastic strain energy and kinetic energy. The carbon nanotube deformation is described in terms of longitudinal, circumferential and radial displacement fields. The theory considers geometric nonlinearities due to large amplitude of vibration. The displacement fields are expanded by means of a double series based on harmonic functions for the circumferential variable and Chebyshev polynomials for the longitudinal variable. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is applied to obtain approximate natural frequencies and mode shapes. Free boundary conditions are considered. In the nonlinear analysis, the three displacement fields are re-expanded by using approximate eigenfunctions. An energy approach based on the Lagrange equations is considered in order to obtain a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The total energy distribution of the shell is studied by considering combinations of different vibration modes. The effect of the conjugate modes participation is analysed

Eigenfrequencies and vibration modes of carbon nanotubes

In 1991 Iijima discovered Carbon Nanotubes, he synthesised molecular carbon structures in the form of fullerenes and then reported the preparation of a new type of finite carbon structure consisting of needle-like tubes, the carbon nanotubes, described as helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Examples of applications of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) can be found in ultrahigh frequency nanomechanical resonators, in a large number of nanoelectromechanical devices such as sensors, oscillators, charge detectors and field emission devices. The reduction of the size and the increment of the stiffness of a resonator magnify its resonant frequencies and reduce its energy consumption, improving its sensitivity. The modal analysis of carbon nanotubes is important because it allows to obtain the resonant frequencies and mode shapes, which influence the mechanical and electronic properties of the nanotube resonators. A large number of experiments and atomistic simulations were conducted both on single-walled (SWNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The present work is concerned with the analysis of low-frequency linear vibrations of SWNTs: two approaches are presented: a fully analytical method based on a simplified theory and a semi-analytical method based on the theory of thin walled shells. The semi-analytical approach (shortly called “numerical approach”) is based on the Sanders-Koiter shell theory and the Rayleigh-Ritz numerical procedure. The nanotube deformation is described in terms of longitudinal, circumferential and radial displacement fields, which are expanded by means of a double mixed series based on Chebyshev polynomials for the longitudinal variable and harmonic functions for the circumferential variable. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is then applied to obtain numerically approximate natural frequencies and mode shapes. The second approach is based on a reduced version of the Sanders-Koiter shell theory, obtained by assuming small ring and tangential shear deformations. These assumptions allow to condense both the longitudinal and the circumferential displacement fields. A fourth-order partial differential equation for the radial displacement field is derived. Eigenfunctions are formally obtained analytically, then the numerical solution of the dispersion equation gives the natural frequencies and the corresponding normal modes. The methods are fully validated by comparing the natural frequencies of the SWNTs with data available in literature, namely: experiments, molecular dynamics simulations and finite element analyses. A comparison between the results of the numerical and analytical approach is carried out in order to check the accuracy of the last one. It is worthwhile to stress that the analytical model allows to obtain results with very low computational effort. On the other hand the numerical approach is able to handle the most realistic boundary conditions of SWNTs (free-free, clamped-free) with extreme accuracy. Both methods are suitable for a forthcoming extension to multi-walled nanotubes and nonlinear vibrations

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio