Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Efeito agudo do RAST TEST sobre o estresse oxidativo e os marcadores indiretos de dano muscular em corredores adolescentes

During the last two decades it has been substantially growing interest in anaerobic performance of children and adolescents. However, few studies address the effects of high intensity and short duration exercise, such as RAST TEST, on oxidative stress and indirect markers of muscle injuries in adolescents, which can promote the proper management of training sessions and, consequently, Athletic performance. In this sense, the objective of this study was to investigate the acute effect of a maximum anaerobic testing - RAST TEST - on oxidative stress and muscle damage in adolescents corridors. To do this voluntarily participated in the study nine runners adolescents of both sex and age between 15 and 18 years (59.25 ± 11.45 kg; 1.70 ± 0.06 m; 19.57 ± 2.52 kg. m2, 0.84 ± 12:08 and 12.56 ± 4.01% G). All volunteers performed a week of familiarization, being respected a minimum of 72 hours to carry out the RAST TEST itself. Blood collection to perform biochemical analyzes were performed before and after the test. Data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed using the Student t test for paired data and applied Pearson correlation between all variables, adopting a 5% significance level. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (before: 326.0 ± 72,65U / L and powders: 758.72 ± 135,09U / L) and creatine kinase (CK) (before: 278.1 ± 78 64U / L and post: 983.62 ± 339.49 U / L) increased by 132.72% and 253.69% after the test RAST (p ≤ 0.05). Regarding the antioxidant enzyme, the protocol also increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) glutathione activity after the test, and demonstrated increased oxidative stress assessed by TBARS in the post-test (p ≤ 0.05). According to the presented results we conclude that the RAST TEST addition to properly assess the anaerobic fitness of adolescent athletes, promoting a significant increase in muscle damage markers and increased concentrations of TBARS and GPx activity. However, the sharp increase in GPx activity suggests an efficient mechanism for the prevention of cell damage and thus preventing oxidative stress in adolescents athletes the RAST test. Key words: high-intensity exercise, anaerobic test, athletic performance, antioxidant enzymes, muscle damage markers.Durante as duas últimas décadas vem crescendo substancialmente o interesse pela performance anaeróbica de crianças e adolescentes. No entanto, poucos estudos abordam os efeitos dos exercícios de alta intensidade e curta duração, como o RAST TEST, sobre o estresse oxidativo e marcadores indiretos de lesões musculares em adolescentes, o que pode favorecer o adequado controle das sessões de treino e, consequentemente, o desempenho atlético. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse estudo foi investigar o efeito agudo de um teste anaeróbio máximo - RAST TEST - sobre o estresse oxidativo e danos musculares em corredores adolescentes. Para tal, participaram voluntariamente do estudo nove adolescentes corredores, de ambos o sexo e idade entre 15 e 18 anos (59,25±11,45 kg; 1,70±0,06 m; 19,57±2,52 kg.m2; 0,84±0.08 e 12,56±4,01 %G). Todos os voluntários realizaram uma semana de familiarização, sendo respeitado um intervalo mínimo de 72h para a realização do RAST TEST propriamente dito. As coletas sanguíneas para realizar as análises bioquímicas foram realizadas antes e após o teste. Os dados foram expressos como média ±DP e analisados por meio do teste t de Student para dados pareados, bem como aplicada correlação de Pearson entre todas as variáveis, sendo adotado um nível de significância de 5%. As concentrações séricas de lactato desidrogenase (LDH) (pré: 326,0±72,65U/L e pós: 758,72±135,09U/L) e da creatina quinase (CK) (pré: 278,1±78,64U/L e pós: 983,62±339,49 U/L) tiveram um aumento de 132,72% e 253,69% após a realização do RAST TEST (p≤ 0,05). Em relação à enzima antioxidante, o protocolo também promoveu um aumento significativo (p≤0,05) da atividade da glutationa depois do teste, sendo evidenciado aumento do estresse oxidativo avaliado pelo TBARS no pós-teste (p≤0,05). De acordo com os resultados apresentados concluímos que o RAST TEST além de adequadamente avaliar a aptidão anaeróbia de atletas adolescentes, promove um aumento significativo de marcadores de dano muscular e aumento das concentrações de TBARS e da atividade da GPx. Contudo, o acentuado aumento na atividade da GPx sugere um eficiente mecanismo de prevenção de danos celulares e evitando, assim, um quadro de estresse oxidativo em atletas adolescentes submetidos ao RAST TEST. Palavras Chaves: Exercício de alta intensidade, teste anaeróbio, desempenho atlético, enzimas antioxidantes, marcadores de dano muscular

Correlation between aerobic fitness and oxidative stress biomarker in futsal players

The aim of the study was to verify the existence of correlation between level of aerobic fitness and the production of reactive oxygen species against an aerobic workload. The sample was composed of professional futsal players from the state of Sergipe. Variables related to maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and the production of reactive oxygen species were analyzed through the quantitative method of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test and the student's t-test and significance level of 95% for the dependent variable. The results suggest that the production of reactive oxygen species and free radicals at rest is inversely proportional (r = -0.92) to the athlete's level of aerobic fitness and directly proportional (r = 0.56) during and / or after exercise. However, there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between TBARS values before and after exercise.O objetivo do trabalho surgiu da necessidade de conhecer a existência de correlação entre o nível de aptidão aeróbica e a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio frente a uma carga de trabalho aeróbica. A amostra foi composta por atletas profissionais de Futsal do Estado de Sergipe. Foram analisadas variáveis referentes ao consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 máx) e a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio através do método de quantificação de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico - TBARs. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados os testes de correlação de “Pearson” e o teste “t” de Student, com grau de significância de 95% para variável dependente. Os resultados sugerem que a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e radicais livres em repouso é inversamente proporcional (r = -0,92) ao nível de aptidão aeróbica do atleta e diretamente proporcional (r = 0,56) durante e/ou após o exercício. Entretanto, não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,05) entre os valores de TBARs no pré e pós exercício

Análise da composição corporal e de níveis de aptidão física de escolares praticantes de Futsal em relação aos índices sugeridos pelo projeto esporte Brasil (PROESP-BR) em fase preparatória para competições escolares

In Brazil, Futsal, when compared to other collective sports, is one of the most practiced sports in the school environment, mainly by adolescents, however, during the game several physical and motor actions require that its practitioners have a certain level of physical fitness. Therefore, the present study had as objective to analyze the body composition and the physical fitness levels of Futsal students in a public school in the Municipality of Neópolis-SE in relation to the indexes suggested by the Brazilian Sports Project (PROESP-BR) comparing them with other studies that also analyzed the levels of physical fitness of young futsal practitioners. The sample consisted of 18 male adolescents between 12 and 14 years old (13 ± 0.8 years old) enrolled in a public school in the city of Neópolis / SE. In order to obtain the data, the battery of measures and tests related to PROESP-BR was used. Weight and height were collected to calculate BMI. For the physical fitness variables, BMI and flexibility were analyzed. The results were analyzed and compared with the data provided by PROESP-BR. The data were also compared to studies that also analyzed the physical fitness levels of young futsal practitioners. It is concluded that during a preparation of futsal school teams, even if the students / athletes already have good levels of the health-related physical fitness components, the systematized training of sports modalities offers the possibility for these levels to be optimized, the quality of life and the well-being of the practitioners.No Brasil, o Futsal quando comparado com outras modalidades esportivas coletivas, é um dos esportes mais praticados no âmbito escolar, principalmente pelos adolescentes, porém, durante a partida diversas ações físicas e motoras exigem que os seus praticantes tenham um certo nível de aptidão física. Diante disto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a composição corporal e os níveis de aptidão física de escolares praticantes de Futsal em relação aos índices sugeridos pelo Projeto Esportivo Brasil (PROESP-BR) comparando-os com outros estudos que também analisaram os níveis de aptidão física de jovens praticantes de futsal. A amostra foi composta por 18 adolescentes do sexo masculino com idade entre 12 e 14 anos (13 ± 0,8 anos) matriculados numa escola pública da cidade de Neópolis-SE. Para a obtenção dos dados foi utilizada a bateria de medidas e testes referentes ao PROESP-BR. Foram coletados peso e altura para cálculo do IMC. Para as variáveis da aptidão física foram analisadas o IMC e a flexibilidade. Os resultados foram analisados e comparados com os dados oferecidos pelo PROESP-BR. Os dados também foram comparados a estudos que também analisaram os níveis de aptidão física de jovens praticantes de futsal.  Conclui-se que durante uma preparação de equipes escolares de futsal, mesmo que os alunos/atletas já estejam com bons níveis dos componentes da aptidão física relacionada a saúde, os treinamentos sistematizados de modalidades esportivas oferecem a possibilidade para que estes níveis sejam otimizados, elevando a qualidade de vida e o bem-estar dos praticantes.

Avaliação do teste de 1600m sobre marcadores de estresse oxidativo e danos musculares em corredores juvenis

 Evaluation of the 1600m test on markers of oxidative stress and muscle damage in young runners The intense and prolonged physical exercise can cause oxidative stress and muscular damages, generating damage in the performance of the athlete. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of the 1600m test on oxidative stress and muscle damage in young runners. Nine adolescents between 15 and 18 years of age participated in this study. The 1600m test was performed to evaluate the aerobic capacity, where the volunteers performed four laps on the 400m lane, making a total of 1600m. There was no increase in the tissue oxidative stress marker evaluated by the TBARS in the post-test. In relation to the antioxidant enzyme, the protocol did not promote an increase of glutathione activity. Plasma concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase had a significant increase after the 1600m test compared to the pre-test. It was concluded that the 1600m test promotes muscle damage, however no oxidative stress was generated.O exercício físico intenso e prolongado pode ocasionar estresse oxidativo e danos musculares, gerando prejuízo no desempenho do atleta.  O estudo tem como objetivo investigar o efeito agudo do teste de 1600m sobre o estresse oxidativo e danos musculares em corredores juvenis. Participaram desse estudo nove adolescentes entre 15 e 18 anos de idade. Foi realizado o teste de 1600m para avaliar a capacidade aeróbia, onde os voluntários realizaram quatro voltas em pista de 400m, perfazendo um total de 1600m. Não houve aumento no marcador de estresse oxidativo tecidual avaliado pelo TBARS no pós-teste. Em relação à enzima antioxidante, o protocolo não promoveu um aumento da atividade da glutationa. Nas concentrações plasmáticas de lactato desidrogenase e da creatina quinase tiveram um aumento significativo depois do teste de 1600m comparado ao pré-teste. Conclui-se que o teste de 1600m promove danos musculares, no entanto não foi gerado estresse oxidativo

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved