Administración del Bono Productivo Alimentario por Protagonistas del Municipio de Condega en el año 2015

El objeto de estudio es el programa productivo alimentario “Hambre Cero” impulsado por el gobierno de Nicaragua a familias protagonistas que habitan en el municipio de Condega y que fueron beneficiadas con el Bono Productivo Alimentario en el año 2015. La investigación es cuantitativa. El objetivo es evaluar qué estrategias implementan las protagonistas durante la administración de los bienes del bono, además conocer los principales factores que inciden en la sostenibilidad de estos recursos, de tal manera proponer una estrategia que permita mejorar el manejo de los recursos: incrementar la producción de alimentos para el autoconsumo, comercializar excedentes de lo producido y fortalecer sus capacidades organizativas lo que permitirá una mayor sostenibilidad y reducir la pobreza en la economía familiar. Se aporta a los programas sociales y a las familias pobres del campo. Los ejes teóricos: pobreza, programa políticas públicas para las mujeres, programas sociales en la reducción de la pobreza y estrategias de administración. Es importante para Nicaragua, aunque ya existen algunos estudios sobre programas sociales y sus aportes en la reducción de la pobreza, sin embargo son pocos los estudios que enfatizan cómo familias administran los recursos de estos programas, principalmente las mujeres

Chemical Cues Influence Pupation Behavior of Drosophila simulans and Drosophila buzzatii in Nature and in the Laboratory

In the wild, larvae of several species of Drosophila develop in heterogeneous and rapidly changing environments sharing resources as food and space. In this scenario, sensory systems contribute to detect, localize and recognize congeners and heterospecifics, and provide information about the availability of food and chemical features of environments where animals live. We investigated the behavior of D. simulans and D. buzzatii larvae to chemicals emitted by conspecific and heterospecific larvae. Our goal was to understand the role of these substances in the selection of pupation sites in the two species that cohabit within decaying prickly pear fruits (Opuntia ficus-indica). In these breeding sites, larvae of D. simulans and D. buzzatii detect larvae of the other species changing their pupation site preferences. Larvae of the two species pupated in the part of the fruit containing no or few heterospecifics, and spent a longer time in/on spots marked by conspecifics rather than heterospecifics. In contrast, larvae of the two species reared in isolation from conspecifics pupated randomly over the substrate and spent a similar amount of time on spots marked by conspecifics and by heterospecifics. Our results indicate that early chemically-based experience with conspecific larvae is critical for the selection of the pupation sites in D. simulans and D. buzzatii, and that pupation site preferences of Drosophila larvae depend on species-specific chemical cues. These preferences can be modulate by the presence of larvae of the same or another species

Centrality evolution of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density over a broad pseudorapidity range in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76TeV

Peer reviewe

Biometrical analysis of larval digging behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Digging behavior of D. melanogaster larvae increases as larval development proceeds. Diallel crosses were made to analyze genetically digging behavior at 72 and 108 h of larval age. Additive and dominance variation was found, dominance being principally to dig. Dominance to dig is higher at 108 than 72 h of development; additivity does not substantially change between these two larval ages. At 72 h of larval age, depending on the cross, I found (i) dominance to dig, (ii) dominance to nondig, (iii) overdominance to dig, and (iv) no dominance to dig. At 108 h of larval development I detected (i) dominance to dig and (ii) overdominance to dig. Thus, diversity of response in the F1 was greater at 72 than 108 h of larval development. These age-related changes in larval digging behavior of D. melanogaster seem to reflect epigenetic changes in the patterns of gene expressions. © 1994 Plenum Publishing Corporation

Dispersal and prepupation behavior of Chilean sympatric Drosophila species that breed in the same site in nature

We investigated dispersal patterns of Drosophila larvae searching for pupation sites over three substrates to determine the role of spatial heterogeneity and presence of other species on prepupation behavior. We used D. melanogaster, D. hydei, and D. pavani whose parents emerged from apples collected in one orchard. Each species showed different preferences for substrates on which to pupate, particularly in the presence of another Drosophila species. Larval locomotion rate and turning behavior in D. melanogaster, D. hydei, and D. pavani were modified depending this upon the type of substrate (agar and sand) on which the larvae crawled. These two behaviors are involved in dispersal and aggregation of pupae. Distance between pupae of the same species decreases when larvae of another species pupate on the same substrate. Aggregated distributions over the substrates lead to patches with few or no individuals. These could serve as pupation sites for other Drosophila species that, in nature

The interplay between thermal tolerance and life history is associated with the biogeography of Drosophila species

Background: Physiological tolerances are important determinants of the biogeography of species. Questions: What is the relationship between thermal tolerance and the biogeographic origin of species? What are the relationships between thermal tolerance and life-history traits? Organisms: Four Drosophila species, two from a tropical biogeographic area (D. melanogaster and D. simulans) and two from a temperate geographic zone in the Andes mountains (D. pavani and D. gaucha). Methods: We assessed upper and lower lethal temperature. We used thermal limits to construct a thermal tolerance polygon that represents the total thermal range of each species after acclimation at different ambient temperatures. We also measured differences in life history (fertility and egg-to-adult viability) between species. Conclusions: Both temperate species have broader thermal tolerance ranges than either tropical species. But temperate species have lower fitness at higher temperatures than tropical species,

The behavior of sympatric Chilean populations of Drosophila larvae during pupation

The behavioral mechanisms by which the larvae of sympatric Chilean populations of Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, D. hydei and D. busckii select pupation sites are described in terms of larval substrate preferences. These species share the same breeding sites in Central Valley of Chile. It is important to investigate larval substrate preferences to pupate in sympatric natural populations of species of Drosophila because such behavior could contribute to the coexistence of the species in the wild. D. busckii larvae preferred humid substrates with a smooth surface to pupate, whereas D. simulans larvae selected humid substrates with a rough surface. Larvae of D. melonogaster chose dry and humid substrates with a rough surface, whereas D. hydei larvae occupied dry substrates with a smooth surface to form puparia. D. melanogaster larvae dug deeper into dry than into humid sand, whereas D. simulans larvae dug more into humid sand. D. busckii larvae pupated in the upper layers of humi

The behavior of adult Drosophila in the wild.

Little is known about how Drosophila adults behave in the wild, including mating, allocation of food and space, and escape from predators. This lack of information has negative implications for our ability to understand the capabilities of the nervous system to integrate sensory cues necessary for the adaptation of organisms in natural conditions. We characterized a set of behavioral routines of D. melanogaster and D. simulans adults in three ecologically different orchards: grape, apple and prickly pear. We also investigated how the flies identify conspecifics and aliens in the wild to better understand relationships between group formation and adaptation of Drosophila to breeding sites. We characterized the locations by recording in each orchard humidity, temperature, illumination conditions, pH of fruits, the presence/absence of other Drosophila species and the predator ant Linepithema humile. Our findings suggest that the home range of these species of Drosophila includes decaying fruits and, principally, a variety of microhabitats that surround the fruits. The ecological heterogeneity of the orchards and odors emitted by adult D. melanogaster and D. simulans influence perch preferences, cluster formation, court and mating, egg-laying site selection, and use of space. This is one of the first large examinations of the association between changing, complex environments and a set of adult behaviors of Drosophila. Therefore, our results have implications for understanding the genetic differentiation and evolution of populations of species in the genus Drosophila

The neuro-ecology of Drosophila pupation behavior.

Many species of Drosophila form conspecific pupa aggregations across the breeding sites. These aggregations could result from species-specific larval odor recognition. To test this hypothesis we used larval odors of D. melanogaster and D. pavani, two species that coexist in the nature. When stimulated by those odors, wild type and vestigial (vg) third-instar larvae of D. melanogaster pupated on conspecific larval odors, but individuals deficient in the expression of the odor co-receptor Orco randomly pupated across the substrate, indicating that in this species, olfaction plays a role in pupation site selection. Larvae are unable to learn but can smell, the Syn97CS and rut strains of D. melanogaster, did not respond to conspecific odors or D. pavani larval cues, and they randomly pupated across the substrate, suggesting that larval odor-based learning could influence the pupation site selection. Thus, Orco, Syn97CS and rut loci participated in the pupation site selection. When stimulated by conspecific and D. melanogaster larval cues, D. pavani larvae also pupated on conspecific odors. The larvae of D. gaucha, a sibling species of D. pavani, did not respond to D. melanogaster larval cues, pupating randomly across the substrate. In nature, D. gaucha is isolated from D. melanogaster. Interspecific hybrids, which result from crossing pavani female with gaucha males clumped their pupae similarly to D. pavani, but the behavior of gaucha female x pavani male hybrids was similar to D. gaucha parent. The two sibling species show substantial evolutionary divergence in organization and functioning of larval nervous system. D. melanogaster and D. pavani larvae extracted information about odor identities and the spatial location of congener and alien larvae to select pupation sites. We hypothesize that larval recognition contributes to the cohabitation of species with similar ecologies, thus aiding the organization and persistence of Drosophila species guilds in the wild