Design and implementation of an Electromagnetic Propulsion System

Enhancement in technology is the need of the day for all nations in the world. Development in the defense field has been increased tremendously and today’s war is utterly dependent on technology. Hence rapid advancement in technology is desirable in order to lead the world. Wars and defense techniques have been changed with the passage of time. In present era survival is only reliant on the most effective, advance and purposeful techniques. Therefore, to meet this prerequisite, development of a new concept which is different from the conventional war techniques has been discussed in the present work

DEVELOPMENT OF SMART HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM BY USING CONTROLLED NETWORK

Automation of daily routine systems has become a necessary now-a-days. Research has been focus to automate the basic elements of the households to make the house a more energy efficient and economical. There are number of ways to automate the home system. This study focuses on how to make a home automation system to control house hold items more efficiently. It comprises of three main hardware parts: device that transfer signals to appliances, server to support between user and components, and a mobile or computer device to operate the whole system.  This proposed home automation system is advance and efficient. It has a security system and a mobile application that controls the whole system. In addition this automation system has intelligent software which helps the user to consume the energy effectively and economically.&nbsp

Design and Implementation of a Wearable Health Device

Many situations arise every day where humans have to worry about their health and fitness. Further monitoring critical human body parameters in reliable and regular manner helps clinical practitioners and common person to take critical decisions and improve life quality. With advancements in microelectronics and sensor technology, it has become possible to design and develop small size wearable devices for clinical and home usage that give and record regular health related data.   The current work presents design and development of a small wearable device that measures pulse rate, oxygen saturation, skin and body temperature using high-accuracy pulse Oximeter sensor and temperature sensors. The Pulse/Oxygen saturation and skin/body temperature data from sensors is fed to Analog Front End (AFE) devices AFE 4490 and LMP 90100 by Texas Instruments respectively. The data is further processed at an ultra low-power Mixed Signal Micro-Controller, MSP430F5338 of Texas Instruments and fed to Bluetooth transceiver. The processed data giving the requisite health parameters is further displayed on the hand held device and can be periodically send to PDAs or to a central server through Bluetooth transceiver

DESIGN OF AN AC VOLTAGE STABILIZER BY USING INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS

Demand of electricity is increasing day by day. With this rising demand some problems are arising in the current system. The major issue is the stability of voltage level in the system. As load is increased or sudden surge is occurred, a dip or overshoot is occurred in the voltage of the system. This has become a serious problem for domestic and especially for industrial user, as the sensitive equipment need a constant level of voltage to work. To make it happen, voltage regulators are required. Previously, techniques that were used for this problem were not efficient as they require much time to stabilize the output and have a distortion in output. So, a novel technique is proposed to counter this problem particularly for heavy industrial loads.&nbsp

DE-NOISING ECG SIGNALS CONTAMINATED WITH POWER LINE INTERFERENCE USING NOTCH PRE-FILTERED WAVELET

This paper presents the fusion of Notch filter and Wavelet Transform method for denoising ECG signals contaminated with Power line interference. The objective results are compared qualitatively as well as quantitatively while the effectiveness of the method is also validated by Comparing the obtained results with traditional notch filters as well as the wavelet denoising method. The simulation results demonstrate that the purposed method is most effective for removal of power line interference in terms of fast time convergence as well as less complexity of the deployed algorithm.&nbsp

OVERVIEW AND PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF UNABRIDGED THIN FILM SOLAR CELL

Solar cell designing and fabrication has always fascinated researchers, physicists, scientist and engineers of photovoltaic industry. Scientist seek solution to mend the efficiency and design of thin film solar cells. This paper illustrate the comprehensive overview of thin film solar cells and their structure. Furthermore various categories of thin film solar cells, strength and weakness of solar cells and techniques to enhance the efficiency of solar cells are also discussed in this paper. Thin film solar cell technology belongs to second generation of solar cells and fabricated by depositing layers of thin film of photovoltaic material on a substrate. Most prosaic substrate used to fabricate thin film solar cells are metal, plastic and glass. Thin film solar cells are much compendious as compared to their rival crystalline solar cell technology. The size of thin film solar cell diverges from few nanometer to ten micrometers.  Review suggest that III-V semiconductor such as Gallium Nitride and Gallium Arsenide are endowed with many attractive properties for fabrication of thin film solar cell. Heterojunction thin film solar cells hold much higher efficiency compared to homojunction thin film solar cells owing to their high optical raptness. &nbsp

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION THROUGH MAGNETIC RESONANCE COUPLING

This work contains the formulation and implementation of the concept of transmission of electoral power wirelessly by using the principal of resonant coupling. In order to implement the idea of transmission of electrical power wirelessly, a power transmitter circuit on the sending side and a power receiver circuit on the receiving side has been designed. We used self-resonating Royer oscillator in the power transmitter circuit on the sending side. Both the power transmitter and power receiver circuits has been designed to operate at a similar frequency to accomplish the phenomenon of resonance on both sides. The common operating frequency is 1.2 MHz on both power transmitting and power receiving sides. Rectification and filtration circuits were also included in the power receiving circuitry to operate electrical appliances on the receiving side. Primarily, we charged the batteries of cell phone and emergency light of low wattage using this wirelessly transmitted received power. As our designed circuitry was of medium range, thus it worked efficiently within a range of 01 meter. The process of Wireless power transmission was not affected even when we placed a thick and opaque obstacle between the wireless power transmitter and wireless power receiver

Subnational mapping of HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–18 : a modelling study

Background: High-resolution estimates of HIV burden across space and time provide an important tool for tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts and assist with improving the precision and efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed to assess HIV incidence and HIV mortality for all second-level administrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: In this modelling study, we developed a framework that used the geographically specific HIV prevalence data collected in seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care clinics to train a model that estimates HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years. We used a model-based geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second administrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000–18 and sought data on the number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second-level administrative unit. We then modified the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and treatment estimates to estimate HIV incidence and mortality by second-level administrative unit. Findings: The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incidence and mortality rates both between and within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater difference in estimated HIV incidence between the second-level administrative units with the lowest and highest estimated incidence levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incidence ranged from 2 ·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1–3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4–1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and HIV mortality ranged from 0·8 (0·7–0·9) in Mauritania to 676· 5 (513· 6–888·0) deaths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incidence and mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and the highest estimated rates were accordingly higher. Among second-level administrative units, Guijá District, Gaza Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV incidence (4661·7 [2544·8–8120·3]) cases per 100000 people in 2018 and Inhassunge District, Zambezia Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV mortality rate (1163·0 [679·0–1866·8]) deaths per 100 000 people. Further, the rate of reduction in HIV incidence and mortality from 2000 to 2018, as well as the ratio of new infections to the number of people living with HIV was highly variable. Although most second-level administrative units had declines in the number of new cases (3316 [81· 1%] of 4087 units) and number of deaths (3325 [81·4%]), nearly all appeared well short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths between 2010 and 2020. Interpretation: Our estimates suggest that most second-level administrative units in sub-Saharan Africa are falling short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths by 2020, which is further compounded by substantial within-country variability. These estimates will help decision makers and programme implementers expand access to ART and better target health resources to higher burden subnational areas

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens