Using Electrical Stimulation in Diabetic Therapy

This study aimed to find a new technique for diabetic therapy using new device of electrical stimulation by treating 320 cases of diabetic patient divided in four groups. The first was for patients with no drug and herbal therapy. The second group took 1 tablet of (G or D) or 1herbal dose. The third took more than tablet of (G or D) or (1 tablet + 1 herbal dose). The fourth group was treated by Insulin. All these groups of patients were exposed to electrical stimulation using the above device, and the test of all patients were done, observing that the exposure time increased with the increasing of age for the patient group of the same diabetic level, and the number of patients increases in the range (35-55) year for the first group, (35-60) year for the second group, (30-40) year for the third group. By fitting the curve response we get the mathematic equation that helps us to determine the start point of therapy. Keywords: Electrical, Diabetic, Stimulation, Therapy

Study of Properties for Ca (a, n)Ti Reactions and n-Yield for Ca Isotopes (A=41-50)

In this study, (44Ti – 53Ti) isotopes for one of intermediate elements (A>40) from Ca (?, n)Ti reactions with alpha energy from (10 to 50) MeV are used according to the available data of reaction cross sections obtained from Lab (TENDL-2012). The more recent cross sections data of Ca (?, n)Ti reaction is reproduced in fine steps of (0.5MeV), by using (MATLAB R2008b) program. These cross sections together with the stopping powers which calculated from the Zeigler formula by using SRIM-2013 have been used to calculate the n-yield for reaction by depend on Ca isotopes (41Ca – 50Ca) as targets, and then clarify the behavior between the energies which corresponding to these cross sections and neutron yield for isotopes, and then we drowned the relationship between the n-yield for these reactions and symmetry at these energies. Was obtained on mathematical formulas and find constants those equations and these equations were calculated yield neutron and comparing with theoretical values ??also studying the properties of these isotopes, calculated binding energy and reduced mass and also were calculated Q- value and threshold energy for each reaction and the relative abundance of the isotopes of entering and leaving for alpha reactions. And then drawing scheduled and discusses the results. Keyword: Binding energy, Cross-Section, Neutron Yield, stopping power, Asymmetry and empirical formula.

The Optimal Irradiation of Iraqi Dates Fruit by Gamma Radiation for Disinfestation Purposes

Fig moth E. cautella, considered the most serious pests infest dates and cause economic losses in the field and warehouses in Iraq which produces between 600-700 thousand tons of dates annually. In order to reduce this damage different pest control methods are used and fragmentation of radiation considered one of the newest and innovative way to control this Moth that attack stored dates. Dates, Zahdi variety artificially infested by eggs of Ephestia cautella .Eggs and larvae of insect were irradiated by gamma radiation with different doses between (106 - 397.5Gy) and then irradiated dates stored at 19Co, 30 and 40 days for Larvae and Eggs respectively. Fragmentation of irradiation dose of gamma were used, five periods of irradiation with three different times separating each period (5, 10, 15min). Physical and chemical properties of dates were analyzed. Results showed that the fragmentation technique is comparable with continuous irradiation and effective for eliminating the insect and keeping the dates preserved with high quality. A dose of (165Gy) and (198Gy) required for 100% hatching inability of irradiated eggs. For larvae a dose of (397.5Gy) was enough to achieve mortality of (100%), (87.50%) and (83.33) for (5, 10, 15min) separating time between each irradiation period respectively. Physical and chemical characteristics did not changed as a result of irradiation. Keywords: Ephestia cautella, stored dates, Iraq, fragmentation of irradiation

The Effect of Collimator Diameters on Buildup Factor by using Gamma – Gamma Coincidence System

In this work buildup factor of aluminum and copper samples was studied for different thickness using a  gamma _  gamma coincidence technique and by use two collimator 10 and 7 mm, buildup factor  was calculated for thickness ranged between ( 0 - 9.6 ) cm of aluminum and ( 0 - 4.0 ) cm of copper  using  Na - 22  source with activity of   ( 1 micro Curie ) with single energy ( 0.511 MeV ) and by using ( 3 "× 3" ) sodium iodide detector  NaI (TI). The results showed that buildup factor was more accuracy when we used small diameter because this will decrease the scattering ray which make our calculations more acute for buildup factor which is very important in shielding process for gamma ray. Keywords: Buildup factor, Gamma ray, Shield, Coincidence

Indoor Radon Concentration in Dwellings of Baghdad City and In Dora Refinery Using Rad-7 Detector

Indoor radon gas (222Rn) has been recognized as one of the health hazards for human. Rn-222 is the most important source of natural radiation and is responsible for approximately half of the received dose from all sources. Most of this dose is from inhalation of the Rn-222 progeny, especially in closed atmospheres. Air radon comes mainly from soil and construction materials. Radon concentration was measured in two room of   9 dwellings from various regions of Baghdad city and in Dora Refinery, electronic detector of radon Rad-7 was used which is an active measurement method. The results show that Radon concentrations of the dwellings were varied from (0) Bq m-3 to (82.6) Bq m-3 with an average activity value of (22.75) Bq m-3.  The results show that radon concentration was high in sample B4 and low in samples B2,B5, B6 ,B8, .and for Dora Refinery the high concentration was (71.3 ) Bq m-3 in sample D11 and low was (0) Bq m-3 in samples D1,D2,D4,D5,D6,D7 and D8 an average activity value 19.2 Bq m-3 . the annual effective dose ranged between ( 0-3.3) mSv/y, with a mean value 0.4 mSv/y for Baghdad city and ranged between (0-2.8) mSv/y with a mean value 0.4 mSv/y for Dora Refinery . These results are lower than the value 1 mSv/y recommended by ICRP report. Keywords: Radon, RAD-7, Baghdad city, Dora Refinery, Annual effective dose

Natural Radionuclides and Hazards in Water and Sediment Samples of Tigris River in Al- Amara city - Maysan - Iraq.

The concentrations of the radionuclides namely 238U, 232Th, and 40K are measured for water and Sediment Tigris River in AL-Amara city- Missan government- Iraq. Using HPGe detector, based on high-resolution gamma spectrometry system and an energy resolution of (≤1.8 keV) for the 133 MeV gamma transition of 60Co. The concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K  were B.D.L. in all water samples except one sample (Hai Al Hassan Alaskary) which has concentrations of 40K(6.818±1.999 Bq/kg). Radium equivalent activity, absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose rate (AED) in and annual effective doses(AED) out, hazard indices(Hin) and (Hex) , and the gamma Index were(0) for all water samples except one sample (Hai Al Hassan Alaskary)  which have (0.524 Bq /kg), ( 0.284 nGy /h), ( 0.0013 mSv/y), ( 0.00034 mSv/y), (0.0014), (0.0014), (0.004) , respectively .The 238U, 232Th, and 40K concentrations in the Sediment Tigris River varies from (15.379±1.999 -24.737±1.269)Bq/kg, (9.930±1.033-16.303±1.437) Bq/kg, and (210.628±12.238-415.215±20.750) Bq/kg with over all mean value of (18.220±1.404Bq/kg), (13.792±1.302 Bq/kg), and (317.343±16.997Bq/kg), respectively. The radium equivalent rate (Raeq) calculated from concentration of 238U, 232Th, and 40K, ranges between(45.798 -72.368) Bq /kg with mean value (63.879 Bq/kg). The absorbed dose Rate(Dγ) for the sediment samples in the study area ranges from (21.886 -35.054) nGy/h with an average value of (29.981nGy/h). The annual effective dose rate (AED)in range(0.107 -0.171 mSv/y) with an average value of (0.146 mSv/y). The annual effective dose rate (AED)out range(0.026 -0.042 mSv/y) with an average value of (0.036 mSv/y). The internal hazard index (Hin) range (0.165-0.252) with an average value of (0.217). The external hazard index (Hex) range (0.123-0.195) with an average value of (0.167). The gamma Index (I) range (0.342-0.553) with an average value of (0.470). The values of the specific activity of (238U, 232Th, and 40K), radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose Rate, indoor and outdoor annual effective dose rates, internal and external hazard indicies, gamma index, all were found to be lower than their corresponding allowed limits. Keywords: AL-Amara city, sediment, Natural radio activity, Radium-equivalent activities, annual effective dose rate (AED), Gamma Index

Analysis of grape fruits and grape seed for their major , minor and trace elemental contact by XRF technique

Grapes and grape seeds are important samples employed for environmental medical studies . The air of this work was to identify and concentration calculation of the elements in grapes fruit and thier seeds by using X-Ray fluoresces technique (XRF) . Samples were collected from Abo Ghraib of Baghdad city ,the grape seeds were obtained from those samples . Both samples were taken under experimental procedure to obtain the sample which were ready for analysis . The samples were then submitted to experimental conditions using a radiation source and then samples were applied for counting analysis shows the elements Na , Mg , Al , Si , P , S , Cl , K , Ca , and Sr as major components of the samples. Fe , Sr , I , Ba and V were found an minor elements other elements Cr , Cu , Sn , Sb , Te gave a value of 5 – 10 ppm , Co , Ni , Rb , Ag ,Cd < 5 ppm for the samples of grape seeds . The analysis of grape seeds present Sr , Ca , K , Cl , S , Si , P as major components of the samples, and gave a values for Cr and Rb , Sn , Sb and Te (5 – 10 ppm) , while Co , Rb , Ni , Ag ,Cd (Less than 5 ppm)

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Burden of obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Mokdad AH, El Bcheraoui C, Afshin A, et al. Burden of obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 2018;63(Suppl. 1):165-176.We used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study results to explore the burden of high body mass index (BMI) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). We estimated the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children (2-19 years) and adults (20 years) in 1980 and 2015. The burden of disease related to high BMI was calculated using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. The prevalence of obesity increased for adults from 15.1% (95% UI 13.4-16.9) in 1980 to 20.7% (95% UI 18.8-22.8) in 2015. It increased from 4.1% (95% UI 2.9-5.5) to 4.9% (95% UI 3.6-6.4) for the same period among children. In 2015, there were 417,115 deaths and 14,448,548 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI in EMR, which constitute about 10 and 6.3% of total deaths and DALYs, respectively, for all ages. This is the first study to estimate trends in obesity burden for the EMR from 1980 to 2015. We call for EMR countries to invest more resources in prevention and health promotion efforts to reduce this burden

Transport injuries and deaths in the Eastern Mediterranean Region : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

Transport injuries (TI) are ranked as one of the leading causes of death, disability, and property loss worldwide. This paper provides an overview of the burden of TI in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by age and sex from 1990 to 2015. Transport injuries mortality in the EMR was estimated using the Global Burden of Disease mortality database, with corrections for ill-defined causes of death, using the cause of death ensemble modeling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on inpatient and outpatient datasets, 26 cause-of-injury and 47 nature-of-injury categories. In 2015, 152,855 (95% uncertainty interval: 137,900-168,100) people died from TI in the EMR countries. Between 1990 and 2015, the years of life lost (YLL) rate per 100,000 due to TI decreased by 15.5%, while the years lived with disability (YLD) rate decreased by 10%, and the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate decreased by 16%. Although the burden of TI mortality and morbidity decreased over the last two decades, there is still a considerable burden that needs to be addressed by increasing awareness, enforcing laws, and improving road conditions.Peer reviewe