Educational review on the effect of tourism on the improvement of the environmental conditions of the towns of the city of Taleghan (Iran)

In this study, the effect of second home tourism on improving the environmental conditions of villages in the central part of Taleghan city (Iran) has been investigated. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and the required information has been collected in the field and non-field. The research tool is a questionnaire that validity and reliability have been confirmed through Delphi technique and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After collecting and processing the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. SPSS software has been used to answer the research hypotheses and to perform calculations. The findings show that second home tourism has been able to have positive effects in improving the environmental conditions in the lives of villagers. tourism of second homes in the village leads to the development of villages and development of green spaces and collection of sewage and garbage of villagers and stabilization and improvement of rural housing, improving the condition of roads and beautification with rural landscapes, improving the environment and physical development of villages and creating educational and communication facilities, improving health services in the village, improving the quality of rural roads, improving worn-out rural structures and establishing the facilities and services required by the village

Educational review on the effect of tourism on the improvement of the environmental conditions of the towns of the city of Taleghan (Iran)

In this study, the effect of second home tourism on improving the environmental conditions of villages in the central part of Taleghan city (Iran) has been investigated. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and the required information has been collected in the field and non-field. The research tool is a questionnaire that validity and reliability have been confirmed through Delphi technique and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After collecting and processing the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. SPSS software has been used to answer the research hypotheses and to perform calculations. The findings show that second home tourism has been able to have positive effects in improving the environmental conditions in the lives of villagers. tourism of second homes in the village leads to the development of villages and development of green spaces and collection of sewage and garbage of villagers and stabilization and improvement of rural housing, improving the condition of roads and beautification with rural landscapes, improving the environment and physical development of villages and creating educational and communication facilities, improving health services in the village, improving the quality of rural roads, improving worn-out rural structures and establishing the facilities and services required by the village

Kidney disease improving global outcome for predicting acute kidney injury in traumatic brain injury patients

AbstractAimTo determine the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) based on Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) criteria in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and to study AKI in relation to risk factors and outcomes.MethodThis trial was a descriptive analytic study on 83 patients with severe traumatic brain injury admitted to Poursina Hospital (Rasht, Iran). The incidence of AKI was determined based on KDIGO criteria over a 12-month period. The correlation of mortality rates, multi-organ failure (MOF), and neurologic outcome to AKI were studied.ResultsOf 83 eligible patients who entered the study, 25.3% (N=21) developed AKI based on KDIGO criteria. Glasgow Outcome Scale on admission was the only risk factor significantly associated with the incidence of AKI (p=0.001). Mortality rates (62% vs. 22.6%, p=0.002) and the occurrence of MOF were significantly higher in patients who developed AKI (23.8% vs. 0% MOF based on Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, p<0.0001; 19% vs. 0% MOF based on Multiple Organ Dysfunction score, p<0.0001). Poor neurologic outcome was observed in 95% and 92% of patients with and without AKI, respectively (p=0.674).ConclusionThe incidence of AKI among patients with severe traumatic brain injury is striking. The association of Glasgow Outcome Scale with AKI helps to identify patients at a higher risk of developing AKI. Significant rates of mortality and MOF among patients with severe traumatic brain injury and AKI, necessitates consideration of renoprotective measures from the early days of hospital admission

Effects of Oil Supplements on Growth Performance, Eating Behavior, Ruminal Fermentation, and Ruminal Morphology in Lambs during Transition from a Low- to a High-Grain Diet

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of a maximum recommended oil supplementation on growth performance, eating behavior, ruminal fermentation, and ruminal morphological characteristics in growing lambs during transition from a low- to a high-grain diet. A total of 21 Afshari male lambs with an initial body weight (BW) of 41.4 ± 9.1 kg (mean ± SD) and at 5–6 months of age were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (n = 7 per group), including (1) a grain-based diet with no fat supplement (CON), (2) CON plus 80 g/d of prilled palm oil (PALM), and (3) CON plus 80 g/d soybean oil (SOY); oils were equivalent to 50 g/kg of dry matter based on initial dry matter intake (DMI). All lambs were adapted to the high-grain diet for 21 d. In the adaptation period, lambs were gradually transferred to a dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio of 20:80 by replacing 100 g/kg of the preceding diet every 3 d. Thereafter, lambs were fed experimental diets for another 22 days. Fat-supplemented lambs had greater DMI, body weight (BW), and average daily gain (ADG), with a lower feed to gain ratio (p 0.05). The results from this study suggest that fat supplementation to high-grain diets may improve the development of ruminal epithelia and modify ruminal fermentation via optimized eating behavior or the direct effect of oils on the ruminal environment, resulting in better growth performance in growing lambs

Establishing Normal Ranges of Hematological Parameters From an Iranian Healthy Population: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study of Hospital Data

Measurement of hematological parameters and their reference ranges play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of many infectious diseases and cancers. However, there are marked differences in the reference ranges between developing and developed countries. The aim of this study was to establish reference ranges of hematological parameters. This cross-sectional study was conducted in patients visiting Noor Eye Hospital who had no systemic diseases. In the lying position, blood samples were collected in two test tubes (Becton Dickinson Ltd, UK) using the Venoject method. EDTA-containing blood samples were used for complete blood count and differential leukocyte count using a cell counter (Nihdon Kohden Celltac E, Japan). Descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA were used for data analysis. The data of 46,595 individuals were analyzed of whom 47.3% (n=22,042) were men. The mean (95% confidence interval) of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), platelet, and Hemoglobin (Hb) was 6.68 (6.66-6.69), 4.83 (4.83-4.84), 238.40 (237.87-238.93), and 14.29 (14.27-14.30), respectively. There was no difference in hematological parameters between male and female subjects. Except for the platelet count that was higher in individuals below 18 years than those 18-64 years and ≥65 years, other parameters had no relationship with age. Normal values of hematological parameters in the Iranian population are similar to the Middle East and African countries but below standard reference values. Except for the platelet count that decreased with age, there was no significant difference in hematologic and immunologic parameters between age and sex groups. Considering the difference between our results and standard reference values, we suggest that normal values be determined locally for each country

Diagnostic Methods of Metabolic Syndrome in Children

We aimed to define Metabolic Syndrome (METs) from different viewpoints to determine the most appropriate method that could be used for early METs' diagnosis in general population and treat them immediately. This study was an analytic cross-sectional study which was conducted on 725, twelve year-old-girls and boys from Rasht city in Iran. METs was defined based on 7 different methods. Data were reported by descriptive statistics (number, percent, mean, and standard deviation) and analyzed by Cohen's kappa coefficient correlation and chi-square in SPSS version 19. The highest and lowest percentages of METs were obtained by DE Ferranti (17.5%) and viner et al., (0.8%) methods, respectively. Results showed that viner et al., had the highest degree of agreement with NCEP ATPIII and the lowest with DE Ferranti. Furthermore, De Ferranti showed the highest degree of agreement with NHANESIII and the lowest with Viner et al., According to results, the identification of the cut off points of obesity could help to promote public health care

Targeted Co-Delivery of Docetaxel and cMET siRNA for Treatment of Mucin1 Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells

Purpose: Targeted treatment of breast cancer through combination of chemotherapeutic agents and siRNA had been drawing much attention in recent researches. This study was carried out to evaluate mucin1 aptamer-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles containing docetaxel and cMET siRNA on SKBR3 cells. Methods: Nano-drugs were characterized by transmission electron microscope, Zetasizer and loading efficiency calculation. siRNA entrapment onto nanoparticles, stability of siRNA-loaded nanoparticles and conjugation of mucin1 aptamer to nanoparticles were evaluated via separate electrophoresis. Cellular uptake of the targeted nanoparticles was evaluated through GFP-plasmid expression in mucin1+ SKBR3 vs. mucin1- CHO cells. Protein expression, cell viability and gene expression were assessed by Western Blotting, MTT assay, and Quantitative Real Time-PCR, respectively. Results: Characterization of nano-drugs represented the ideal size (110.5± 3.9 nm), zeta potential (11.6± 0.8 mV), and loading efficiency of 90.7% and 88.3% for siRNA and docetaxel, respectively. Different gel electrophoresis affirmed the conjugation of aptamers to nanoparticles and entrapment of siRNA onto nanoparticles. Increased cellular uptake of aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles was confirmed by GFP expression. cMET gene silencing was confirmed by Western Blotting. The significant (p ≤0.0001) impact of combination targeted therapy vs. control on cell viability was shown. Results of Quantitative Real Time-PCR represented a remarkably decreased (p ≤0.0001) expression of the studied genes involving in tumorigenicity, metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis (STAT3, IL8, MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF) by targeted combination treatment vs. control. Conclusion: The mucin1 aptamer-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles, containing docetaxel and cMET siRNA, is suggested for treatment of mucin1+ metastatic breast cancer cells. However, further studies should be conducted on animal models

Metformin inhibits polyphosphate-induced hyper-permeability and inflammation

Circulating inflammatory factor inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) released from activated platelets could enhance factor XII and bradykinin resulted in increased capillary leakage and vascular permeability. PolyP induce inflammatory responses through mTOR pathway in endothelial cells, which is being reported in several diseases including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, sepsis, and cancer. Systems and molecular biology approaches were used to explore the regulatory role of the AMPK activator, metformin, on polyP-induced hyper-permeability in different organs in three different models of polyP-induced hyper-permeability including local, systemic shortand systemic long-term approaches in murine models. Our results showed that polyP disrupts endothelial barrier integrity in skin, liver, kidney, brain, heart, and lung in all three study models and metformin abrogates the disruptive effect of polyP. We also showed that activation of AMPK signaling pathway, regulation of oxidant/ anti-oxidant balance, as well as decrease in inflammatory cell infiltration constitute a set of molecular mechanisms through which metformin elicits it's protective responses against polyP-induced hyper-permeability. These results support the clinical values of AMPK activators including the FDA-approved metformin in attenuating vascular damage in polyP-associated inflammatory diseases.Peer reviewe

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations

Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17 : analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1–65·8), 17·4% (7·7–28·4), and 59·5% (34·2–86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health