2,127 research outputs found
Extragalactic Background Light and Gamma-Ray Attenuation
Data from (non-) attenuation of gamma rays from active galactic nuclei (AGN)
and gamma ray bursts (GRBs) give upper limits on the extragalactic background
light (EBL) from the UV to the mid-IR that are only a little above the lower
limits from observed galaxies. These upper limits now rule out some EBL models
and purported observations, with improved data likely to provide even stronger
constraints. We present EBL calculations both based on multiwavelength
observations of thousands of galaxies and also based on semi-analytic models,
and show that they are consistent with these lower limits from observed
galaxies and with the gamma-ray upper limit constraints. Such comparisons
"close the loop" on cosmological galaxy formation models, since they account
for all the light, including that from galaxies too faint to see. We compare
our results with those of other recent works, and discuss the implications of
these new EBL calculations for gamma ray attenuation. Catching a few GRBs with
groundbased atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope (ACT) arrays or water Cherenkov
detectors could provide important new constraints on the high-redshift star
formation history of the universe.Comment: 12 pages, 8 multi-panel figures, Invited talk at the 25th Texas
Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, Heidelberg December 6-10, 201
Diffuse Extragalactic Background Radiation
Attenuation of high--energy gamma rays by pair--production with UV, optical
and IR background photons provides a link between the history of galaxy
formation and high--energy astrophysics. We present results from our latest
semi-analytic models (SAMs), based upon a CDM hierarchical structural
formation scenario and employing all ingredients thought to be important to
galaxy formation and evolution, as well as reprocessing of starlight by dust to
mid- and far-IR wavelengths. Our models also use results from recent
hydrodynamic galaxy merger simulations. These latest SAMs are successful in
reproducing a large variety of observational constraints such as number counts,
luminosity and mass functions, and color bimodality. We have created 2 models
that bracket the likely ranges of galaxy emissivities, and for each of these we
show how the optical depth from pair--production is affected by redshift and
gamma-ray energy. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our
work, and how the burgeoning science of gamma-ray astronomy will continue to
help constrain cosmology.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, to be published in the Proceedings of the 4th
Heidelberg International Symposium on High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy, held
July 2008 in Heidelberg, German
Modeling Gamma-Ray Attenuation in High-Redshift GeV Spectra
We present two models for the cosmological UV background light, and calculate
the opacity of GeV gamma--rays out to redshift 9. The contributors to the
background include 2 possible quasar emissivities, and output from
star--forming galaxies as determined by recent a semi--analytic model (SAM) of
structure formation. The SAM used in this work is based upon a hierarchical
build-up of structure in a CDM universe and is highly successful in
reproducing a variety of observational parameters. Above 1 Rydberg energy,
ionizing radiation is subject to reprocessing by the IGM, which we treat using
our radiative transfer code, CUBA. The two models for quasar emissivity
differing above z = 2.3 are chosen to match the ionization rates observed using
flux decrement analysis and the higher values of the line-of-sight proximity
effect. We also investigate the possibility of a flat star formation rate
density at z . We conclude that observations of gamma--rays from 10 to 100
GeV by Fermi (GLAST) and the next generation of ground based experiments should
confirm a strongly evolving opacity from z . Observation of
attenuation in the spectra of gamma--ray bursts at higher redshift could
constrain emission of UV radiation at these early times, either from a flat or
increasing star-formation density or an unobserved population of sources.Comment: 4 pages, 7 figures, To be published in the Proceedings of the 4th
Heidelberg International Symposium on High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy, held
July 2008 in Heidelberg, German
Antenatal depression, treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and neonatal brain structure: A propensity-matched cohort study
The aim of this propensity-matched cohort study was to evaluate the impact of prenatal SSRI exposure and a history of maternal depression on neonatal brain volumes and white matter microstructure. SSRI-exposed neonates (n = 27) were matched to children of mothers with no history of depression or SSRI use (n=54). Additionally, neonates of mothers with a history of depression, but no prenatal SSRI exposure (n=41), were matched to children of mothers with no history of depression or SSRI use (n=82). Structural magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion weighted imaging scans were acquired with a 3T Siemens Allegra scanner. Global tissue volumes were characterized using an automatic, atlas-moderated expectation maximization segmentation tool. Local differences in gray matter volumes were examined using deformation-based morphometry. Quantitative tractography was performed using an adaptation of the UNC-Utah NA-MIC DTI framework. SSRI-exposed neonates exhibited widespread changes in white matter microstructure compared to matched controls. Children exposed to a history of maternal depression but no SSRIs showed no significant differences in brain development compared to matched controls. No significant differences were found in global or regional tissue volumes. Additional research is needed to clarify whether SSRIs directly alter white matter development or whether this relationship is mediated by depressive symptoms during pregnancy
GeV Gamma-Ray Attenuation and the High-Redshift UV Background
We present new calculations of the evolving UV background out to the epoch of
cosmological reionization and make predictions for the amount of GeV gamma-ray
attenuation by electron-positron pair production. Our results are based on
recent semi-analytic models of galaxy formation, which provide predictions of
the dust-extinguished UV radiation field due to starlight, and empirical
estimates of the contribution due to quasars. We account for the reprocessing
of ionizing photons by the intergalactic medium. We test whether our models can
reproduce estimates of the ionizing background at high redshift from flux
decrement analysis and proximity effect measurements from quasar spectra, and
identify a range of models that can satisfy these constraints. Pair-production
against soft diffuse photons leads to a spectral cutoff feature for gamma rays
observed between 10 and 100 GeV. This cutoff varies with redshift and the
assumed star formation and quasar evolution models. We find only negligible
amounts of absorption for gamma rays observed below 10 GeV for any emission
redshift. With observations of high-redshift sources in sufficient numbers by
the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and new ground-based instruments it should
be possible to constrain the extragalactic background light in the UV and
optical portion of the spectrum.Comment: 19 pages, 12 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS, this version
includes minor correction
The Metal-rich Globular Cluster NGC6553: Observations with WFPC2, STIS, and NICMOS
We present a HST study of the metal-rich globular cluster NGC6553 using
WFPC2, NICMOS and STIS. Our primary motivation is to calibrate the STIS
broad-band LP magnitude against and magnitudes for stars of
known metallicity and absolute (visual) magnitude, for application to our study
of LMC globular clusters. NGC6553 has been shown in earlier studies to have a
very unusual colour-magnitude diagram, so we also use our data to investigate
the reddening, distance, luminosity function and structure of this cluster. We
deduce a higher metallicity and smaller distance modulus than did some previous
studies, but emphasise that very large patchy extinction on small angular
scales prohibits accurate determination of the parameters of this cluster. The
horizontal branch of NGC6553 in () is tilted at an angle close to that
of the reddening vector. We show that extinction does not, however, explain the
tilt, which is presumably a metallicity effect. The colour-magnitude diagram
shows an apparent second turnoff some 1.5 magnitudes fainter than that of the
cluster. We show that this is most likely the background Galactic bulge:
however, in that case, the colour-magnitude diagram of NGC6553 is not a good
match to that of the field bulge population. The cluster is probably more
metal-rich than is the mean field bulge star.Comment: 29 pages (Latex), 13 figs (PS, in document), 10 figs (JPEG format,
outside document, degraded from original to save download time), accepted for
pub. in A
Semi-Analytic Modelling of Galaxy Formation: The Local Universe
Using semi-analytic models of galaxy formation, we investigate galaxy
properties such as the Tully-Fisher relation, the B and K-band luminosity
functions, cold gas contents, sizes, metallicities, and colours, and compare
our results with observations of local galaxies. We investigate several
different recipes for star formation and supernova feedback, including choices
that are similar to the treatment in Kauffmann, White & Guiderdoni (1993) and
Cole et al. (1994) as well as some new recipes. We obtain good agreement with
all of the key local observations mentioned above. In particular, in our best
models, we simultaneously produce good agreement with both the observed B and
K-band luminosity functions and the I-band Tully-Fisher relation. Improved
cooling and supernova feedback modelling, inclusion of dust extinction, and an
improved Press-Schechter model all contribute to this success. We present
results for several variants of the CDM family of cosmologies, and find that
models with values of --0.5 give the best agreement with
observations.Comment: 26 pages, LaTeX, MNRAS format, 23 inlined postscript figures.
Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Revised version contains substantial
changes including improved models. High resolution figures, original version,
and summary of changes may be found at
http://www.fiz.huji.ac.il/~rachels/papers/sp.htm
Semi-analytic modeling of the EBL and consequences for extragalactic gamma-ray spectra
Attenuation of high-energy gamma rays by pair-production with UV, optical and
IR extragalactic background light (EBL) photons provides a link between the
history of galaxy formation and high-energy astrophysics. We present results
from our latest semi-analytic models (SAMs), which employ the main ingredients
thought to be important to galaxy formation and evolution, as well as an
improved model for reprocessing of starlight by dust to mid- and far-IR
wavelengths. These SAMs are based upon a Lambda-CDM hierarchical structural
formation scenario, and are successful in reproducing a large variety of
observational constraints such as number counts, luminosity and mass functions,
and color bimodality. Our fiducial model is based upon a WMAP5 cosmology, and
treats dust emission using empirical templates. This model predicts a
background flux considerably lower than optical and near-IR measurements that
rely on subtraction of zodiacal and galactic foregrounds, and near the lower
bounds set by number counts of resolvable sources at a large number of
wavelengths. We also show the results of varying cosmological parameters and
dust attenuation model used in our SAM. For each EBL prediction, we show how
the optical depth due to electron-positron pair-production is affected by
redshift and gamma-ray energy, and the effect of gamma-ray absorption on the
spectra of a variety of extragalactic sources. We conclude with a discussion of
the implications of our work, comparisons to other models and key measurements
of the EBL and a discussion of how the burgeoning science of gamma-ray
astronomy will continue to help constrain cosmology. The low EBL flux predicted
by our fiducial model suggests an optimistic future for further studies of
distant gamma-ray sources.Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables, accepted by MNRAS; this preprint
matches accepted versio
Galaxy Properties from the Ultra-violet to the Far-Infrared: Lambda-CDM models confront observations
We combine a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation with simple analytic
recipes describing the absorption and re-emission of starlight by dust in the
interstellar medium of galaxies. We use the resulting models to predict galaxy
counts and luminosity functions from the far-ultraviolet to the sub-mm, from
redshift five to the present, and compare with an extensive compilation of
observations. We find that in order to reproduce the rest-UV and optical
luminosity functions at high redshift, we must assume an evolving normalization
in the dust-to-metal ratio, implying that galaxies of a given bolometric
luminosity (or metal column density) must be less extinguished than their local
counterparts. In our best-fit model, we find remarkably good agreement with
observations from rest-frame 1500 Angstroms to 250 microns. At longer
wavelengths, most dramatically in the sub-mm, our models underpredict the
number of bright galaxies by a large factor. The models reproduce the observed
total IR luminosity function fairly well. We show the results of varying
several ingredients of the models, including various aspects of the dust
attenuation recipe, the dust emission templates, and the cosmology. We use our
models to predict the integrated Extragalactic Background Light (EBL), and
compare with an observationally-motivated EBL model and with other available
observational constraints.Comment: 27 pages, 17 figures, 1 table, accepted to MNRAS, this version
matches accepted manuscrip
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