Implementación de recursos y estrategias didácticas para el desarrollo de la competencia oral en la enseñanza del idioma Inglés

https://unadvirtualedu-my.sharepoint.com/:f:/g/personal/edrochav_unadvirtual_edu_co/EjQg8ENYJGtMu3CYwhv-W9wBu0bCf50spnjav8jYUIld0A?e=kIR7d8Resumen La enseñanza del idioma inglés es una gran oportunidad para ingresar a las aulas de clase actividades lúdicas que brindan a los estudiantes experiencias espontáneas que traen consigo el desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas necesarias para el aprendizaje de un segundo idioma y a la vez logran mayor motivación e interés en los estudiantes por aprender. De esta forma se facilita el trabajo tanto de los estudiantes como del docente para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto. El presente trabajo representa la práctica de un proyecto sobre la implementación de estrategias didácticas enfocadas en el desarrollo de la competencia oral en la enseñanza del idioma inglés en estudiantes de quinto grado de primaria en dos instituciones educativas. Para el desarrollo de este proyecto se tuvo en cuenta la implementación de herramientas para la recolección de datos como los diarios de campo y la observación, se empleó el método comunicativo como el mejor enfoque didáctico para aprender a usar un segundo idioma en diferentes contextos y asemejándose a las situaciones de la vida real por medio de actividades, juegos y materiales educativos tecnológicos que dejan atrás la memorización y el rol pasivo de hace muchos años. Por medio de la planeación de actividades se logró llevar a los estudiantes implementaciones cargadas de actividades significativas que permitieron observar el impacto de la lúdica sobre el desarrollo de las habilidades comunicativas, obteniendo como resultado gran motivación de los mismo por participar en juegos y actividades que los divierte y a la vez los lleva al aprendizaje espontáneo, los estudiantes en poco tiempo demostraron asimilación tanto del vocabulario como de la estructura enseñada y esto permitió la fluidez de la clase, la participación y creatividad para enfrentarse a actividades basadas en sus necesidades de aprendizaje. Detrás de la experiencia del juego tenían claro los propósitos de las actividades y de esta manera se lograron alcanzar los objetivos de este proyecto pedagógico donde no solo aprende el estudiante sino también el docente basándose en su propia experiencia y en la de los demás miembros de la comunidad educativa.Abstract The teaching of the English language is a great opportunity to introduce playful activities into the classroom, it provides students with spontaneous experiences that bring with them the development of communication skills necessary for learning a second language and at the same time they achieve greater motivation and interest in the students to learn. In this way, the work of both the students and the teacher is facilitated to achieve the proposed objective. The present work represents the practice of a project on the implementation of didactic strategies focused on the development of oral competence in the teaching of the English language in fifth grade students in two educational institutions. For the development of this project, the implementation of data collection tools such as field diaries and observation were taken into account, we used the communicative method as the best didactic approach to learn to use a second language in different contexts and resembling real-life situations through activities, games and technological educational materials that leave behind the memorization and passive role of many years ago. Through the planning of activities we were able to bring to our students implementations loaded with significant activities that allowed us to observe the impact of play on the development of communication skills, obtaining as a result great motivation of the students to participate in games and activities that fun and at the same time leads to spontaneous learning, the students in a short time demonstrated assimilation of both the vocabulary and the structure taught and this allowed the fluency of the class, the participation and creativity of the students to face activities based on their learning needs. Behind the game experience, the students were clear about the purposes of the activities and in this way, we were able to achieve the objectives of this pedagogical project where not only the student but also the teacher learns based on their own experience and that of the other members of the group. the educational community

Diseño y prueba experimental de bloques ecológicos a base de materiales orgánicos e inorgánicos

This article describes the experimental design and testing of ecological blocks based on organic and inorganic materials. For the development of this project we formulated two experimental designs for the manufacture of blocks specifying the dimensions of the blocks, proportions, materials, and also the weight of those materials, then we brought those designs to the reality manufacturing 8 blocks for each experimental design. Later the testing of compressive strength of the blocks was made following the requirements of the Panamanian Technical Standard DGNTI-COPANIT 163-2001 for sampling and testing of blocks to determine if the ecological blocks satisfy the requirements of compressive resistance for non-structural blocks because they fall in this category for their dimensions as well as it is established in the Panamanian Technical Standard DGNTI-COPANIT 161-2001. Finally the results showed that the dimensions of the blocks for both experimental designs comply with the dimensions that must comply blocks of trade name 4 “x 18” for non-structural use, and also the blocks exceed the requirements of compressive strength with only 20 days of curing, having a resistance higher than expected and propose.Este artículo describe el diseño y prueba experimental de bloques ecológicos a base de materiales orgánicos e inorgánicos. Para el desarrollo de este proyecto, se formularon dos diseños experimentales para la fabricación de bloques especificando las dimensiones de los bloques, proporciones, materiales, y peso de los mismos, para luego llevar esos diseños a la realidad y fabricar 8 bloques para cada diseño experimental. Posteriormente se realizaron las pruebas de resistencia a la compresión de los bloques ecológicos basándonos en la Norma Técnica Panameña DGNTICOPANIT 163-2001 de muestreo y ensayo para bloques de hueco de concreto, y así poder determinar si los bloques ecológicos cumplían con los requisitos de resistencia a la compresión para bloques no estructurales, ya que por sus dimensiones entran en esta categoría, así como lo establece la Norma Técnica Panameña DGNTI-COPANIT 161-2001. Finalmente, los resultados demostraron que las dimensiones de los bloques cumplen en gran parte con requisitos en cuanto a dimensiones que deben cumplir los bloques de 4” x 18” para uso no estructural, y según los resultados de resistencia a la compresión, los bloques sobrepasan los requisitos de resistencia a la compresión con tan solo 20 días de curado, teniendo una resistencia mucho más superior a lo esperado y propuesto

Impact of Reduced Tobacco Smoking on Lung Cancer Mortality in the United States During 1975–2000

Background: Considerable effort has been expended on tobacco control strategies in the United States since the mid-1950s. However, we have little quantitative information on how changes in smoking behaviors have impacted lung cancer mortality. We quantified the cumulative impact of changes in smoking behaviors that started in the mid-1950s on lung cancer mortality in the United States over the period 1975–2000. Methods: A consortium of six groups of investigators used common inputs consisting of simulated cohort-wise smoking histories for the birth cohorts of 1890 through 1970 and independent models to estimate the number of US lung cancer deaths averted during 1975–2000 as a result of changes in smoking behavior that began in the mid-1950s. We also estimated the number of deaths that could have been averted had tobacco control been completely effective in eliminating smoking after the Surgeon General’s first report on Smoking and Health in 1964. Results: Approximately 795,851 US lung cancer deaths were averted during the period 1975–2000: 552,574 among men and 243,277 among women. In the year 2000 alone, approximately 70,218 lung cancer deaths were averted: 44,135 among men and 26,083 among women. However, these numbers are estimated to represent approximately 32% of lung cancer deaths that could have potentially been averted during the period 1975–2000, 38% of the lung cancer deaths that could have been averted in 1991–2000, and 44% of lung cancer deaths that could have been averted in 2000. Conclusions: Our results reflect the cumulative impact of changes in smoking behavior since the 1950s. Despite a large impact of changing smoking behaviors on lung cancer deaths, lung cancer remains a major public health problem. Continued efforts at tobacco control are critical to further reduce the burden of this disease

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Results of the COVID-19 mental health international for the general population (COMET-G) study.

INTRODUCTION: There are few published empirical data on the effects of COVID-19 on mental health, and until now, there is no large international study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, an online questionnaire gathered data from 55,589 participants from 40 countries (64.85% females aged 35.80 ± 13.61; 34.05% males aged 34.90±13.29 and 1.10% other aged 31.64±13.15). Distress and probable depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics were calculated. Chi-square tests, multiple forward stepwise linear regression analyses and Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tested relations among variables. RESULTS: Probable depression was detected in 17.80% and distress in 16.71%. A significant percentage reported a deterioration in mental state, family dynamics and everyday lifestyle. Persons with a history of mental disorders had higher rates of current depression (31.82% vs. 13.07%). At least half of participants were accepting (at least to a moderate degree) a non-bizarre conspiracy. The highest Relative Risk (RR) to develop depression was associated with history of Bipolar disorder and self-harm/attempts (RR = 5.88). Suicidality was not increased in persons without a history of any mental disorder. Based on these results a model was developed. CONCLUSIONS: The final model revealed multiple vulnerabilities and an interplay leading from simple anxiety to probable depression and suicidality through distress. This could be of practical utility since many of these factors are modifiable. Future research and interventions should specifically focus on them

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July