BODY SWAY IN BIATLON SHOOTING

In the 7.5 hi sprint biathlon event each competitor skis 7.5 kilometres. stopping Two times during the race to fire shots into a target. A miss means handicap circuit added to the distance charged to the skier while: completing the distance of competition. The race is capable to test the strength, endurance and skill of competitors. In biathlon shooting. two positional rules apply. ?'hey are standing-and prone (lying flat on the ground). Before the shooting. the cross-country racing loads extremely the cardio-respiratory and neuro-muscular system. In shooting. the oscillation amplitudes of body segments depend on the degree of optimalization in diminishing of' running velocity. immediately before the shooting without significant loss of time. The aim of the present study is the investigation of body sway in model-situation. in our experiments the representative biathlon tearn of Hungary. seven subjects (age: 16-28 years) as well as university students (eight subjects) have been tested. The equipment we used include microcomputer and a personal computer as well as a force platform. Two types of programs have been used for the measurements to study the movement coordination skill and the maintaining of equilibrium. The classic Romberg tests have been completed with measurements of the Equilibrium and displacement of centre of subjects in shooting position. Excerpts of results i20 s test/: traditional Romberg tests: R1 - 3 111111. 122 - 3 111111. It3 - 4 n111i ... (open eyes) R 1 - 3 tiitii. K2 - 3 timi. 113 -:6- Inn1 ... (closed eyes) Dominant frequencies in Fourier power spectra: lateral direction: !). 1 - 0.15 - 0.4 - 0.7 I IL anteroposterior direction: 0.05 - 0-25 - 0.7 1 IL (Open eyes. subject No. 2) The result verify premises concerning the balancing ability and stability of biathlon competitors

Repetition enhancement to voice identities in the dog brain

In the human speech signal, cues of speech sounds and voice identities are conflated, but they are processed separately in the human brain. The processing of speech sounds and voice identities is typically performed by non-primary auditory regions in humans and non-human primates. Additionally, these processes exhibit functional asymmetry in humans, indicating the involvement of distinct mechanisms. Behavioural studies indicate analogue side biases in dogs, but neural evidence for this functional dissociation is missing. In two experiments, using an fMRI adaptation paradigm, we presented awake dogs with natural human speech that either varied in segmental (change in speech sound) or suprasegmental (change in voice identity) content. In auditory regions, we found a repetition enhancement effect for voice identity processing in a secondary auditory region – the caudal ectosylvian gyrus. The same region did not show repetition effects for speech sounds, nor did the primary auditory cortex exhibit sensitivity to changes either in the segmental or in the suprasegmental content. Furthermore, we did not find evidence for functional asymmetry neither in the processing of speech sounds or voice identities. Our results in dogs corroborate former human and non-human primate evidence on the role of secondary auditory regions in the processing of suprasegmental cues, suggesting similar neural sensitivity to the identity of the vocalizer across the mammalian order

Polygenic risk scores and breast and epithelial ovarian cancer risks for carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants

Purpose We assessed the associations between population-based polygenic risk scores (PRS) for breast (BC) or epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) with cancer risks forBRCA1andBRCA2pathogenic variant carriers. Methods Retrospective cohort data on 18,935BRCA1and 12,339BRCA2female pathogenic variant carriers of European ancestry were available. Three versions of a 313 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) BC PRS were evaluated based on whether they predict overall, estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, or ER-positive BC, and two PRS for overall or high-grade serous EOC. Associations were validated in a prospective cohort. Results The ER-negative PRS showed the strongest association with BC risk forBRCA1carriers (hazard ratio [HR] per standard deviation = 1.29 [95% CI 1.25-1.33],P = 3x10(-72)). ForBRCA2, the strongest association was with overall BC PRS (HR = 1.31 [95% CI 1.27-1.36],P = 7x10(-50)). HR estimates decreased significantly with age and there was evidence for differences in associations by predicted variant effects on protein expression. The HR estimates were smaller than general population estimates. The high-grade serous PRS yielded the strongest associations with EOC risk forBRCA1(HR = 1.32 [95% CI 1.25-1.40],P = 3x10(-22)) andBRCA2(HR = 1.44 [95% CI 1.30-1.60],P = 4x10(-12)) carriers. The associations in the prospective cohort were similar. Conclusion Population-based PRS are strongly associated with BC and EOC risks forBRCA1/2carriers and predict substantial absolute risk differences for women at PRS distribution extremes.Peer reviewe

Breast and Prostate Cancer Risks for Male BRCA1 and BRCA2 Pathogenic Variant Carriers Using Polygenic Risk Scores

Background: Recent population-based female breast cancer and prostate cancer polygenic risk scores (PRS) have been developed. We assessed the associations of these PRS with breast and prostate cancer risks for male BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers. Methods: 483 BRCA1 and 1318 BRCA2 European ancestry male carriers were available from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA). A 147-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) prostate cancer PRS (PRSPC) and a 313-SNP breast cancer PRS were evaluated. There were 3 versions of the breast cancer PRS, optimized to predict overall (PRSBC), estrogen receptor (ER)-negative (PRSER-), or ER-positive (PRSER+) breast cancer risk. Results: PRSER+ yielded the strongest association with breast cancer risk. The odds ratios (ORs) per PRSER+ standard deviation estimates were 1.40 (95% confidence interval [CI] =1.07 to 1.83) for BRCA1 and 1.33 (95% CI = 1.16 to 1.52) for BRCA2 carriers. PRSPC was associated with prostate cancer risk for BRCA1 (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.28 to 2.33) and BRCA2 (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.34 to 1.91) carriers. The estimated breast cancer odds ratios were larger after adjusting for female relative breast cancer family history. By age 85 years, for BRCA2 carriers, the breast cancer risk varied from 7.7% to 18.4% and prostate cancer risk from 34.1% to 87.6% between the 5th and 95th percentiles of the PRS distributions. Conclusions: Population-based prostate and female breast cancer PRS are associated with a wide range of absolute breast and prostate cancer risks for male BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers. These findings warrant further investigation aimed at providing personalized cancer risks for male carriers and informing clinical management.Peer reviewe

An original phylogenetic approach identified mitochondrial haplogroup T1a1 as inversely associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers

Introduction: Individuals carrying pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a high lifetime risk of breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in DNA double-strand break repair, DNA alterations that can be caused by exposure to reactive oxygen species, a main source of which are mitochondria. Mitochondrial genome variations affect electron transport chain efficiency and reactive oxygen species production. Individuals with different mitochondrial haplogroups differ in their metabolism and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Variability in mitochondrial genetic background can alter reactive oxygen species production, leading to cancer risk. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial haplogroups modify breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Methods: We genotyped 22,214 (11,421 affected, 10,793 unaffected) mutation carriers belonging to the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 for 129 mitochondrial polymorphisms using the iCOGS array. Haplogroup inference and association detection were performed using a phylogenetic approach. ALTree was applied to explore the reference mitochondrial evolutionary tree and detect subclades enriched in affected or unaffected individuals. Results: We discovered that subclade T1a1 was depleted in affected BRCA2 mutation carriers compared with the rest of clade T (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34 to 0.88; P = 0.01). Compared with the most frequent haplogroup in the general population (that is, H and T clades), the T1a1 haplogroup has a HR of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.95; P = 0.03). We also identified three potential susceptibility loci, including G13708A/rs28359178, which has demonstrated an inverse association with familial breast cancer risk. Conclusions: This study illustrates how original approaches such as the phylogeny-based method we used can empower classical molecular epidemiological studies aimed at identifying association or risk modification effects.Peer reviewe

Personality traits and psychological complaints under patients suffering from headaches

Background and purpose – Although headaches are often comorbid with psychological symptoms, the underlying psychological processes, e.g. the role of personality dimensions as headache determinants remains unclear. Studies found associations between headaches and various personality traits; according to the Big Five model of personality, persons suffering from headaches exhibit a higher rate in neuroticism, while a lower rate in extraversion, openness to experiences and positive emotions. This is the first study to clarify the associations among duration, intensity, and frequency of headaches and personality dimensions. Through this study we could get into the personality dimensions in the background of pain experience and that which personality dimensions bear a part in the behaviour of the persons, who suffered from headache, but do not seek treatment through this complaint. Methods – Treated (Group1) and untreated (Group2) headache patients and healthy controls (Group3) were investigated (total of 360 participants). The main headache components of intensity, duration, and frequency were used as dependent variables with personality dimensions in the Big Five concept investigated by the NEO-PI-R Personality Inventory. Results – Employing multiple regression analysis, facets of personality described 14.7% of headache intensity, 10.9 % of duration, and 18.7 % of frequency variance. Group1 and Group2 reached significantly higher values on the dimension of anxiety, depression, and vulnerability to stress than Group3. Group1 showed a significantly higher value on trust personality dimension than Group3 and Group2. Group3 exhibited a significantly higher value in the trust dimension than Group2. Concerning vulnerability to stress, the highest value was yielded by the “treated and suffering from headaches” group and there was a significant difference also with the “untreated and suffering from headaches” group and with the control group. In this dimension, the “untreated and suffering from headaches” group’s point value was significantly higher than the control group’s (p<0.01, U=-4.501). Conclusion – Our study demonstrates that the three headache components are not independent from personality traits, and personality traits may interact with treatment seeking behavior even in the presence of significant headache complaints. The role of the personality traits are significant in the intensity, duration and frequency of headaches

Personality traits and psychological complaints under patients suffering from headaches

Background and purpose – Although headaches are often comorbid with psychological symptoms, the underlying psychological processes, e.g. the role of personality dimensions as headache determinants remains unclear. Studies found associations between headaches and various personality traits; according to the Big Five model of personality, persons suffering from headaches exhibit a higher rate in neuroticism, while a lower rate in extraversion, openness to experiences and positive emotions. This is the first study to clarify the associations among duration, intensity, and frequency of headaches and personality dimensions. Through this study we could get into the personality dimensions in the background of pain experience and that which personality dimensions bear a part in the behaviour of the persons, who suffered from headache, but do not seek treatment through this complaint. Methods – Treated (Group1) and untreated (Group2) headache patients and healthy controls (Group3) were investigated (total of 360 participants). The main headache components of intensity, duration, and frequency were used as dependent variables with personality dimensions in the Big Five concept investigated by the NEO-PI-R Personality Inventory. Results – Employing multiple regression analysis, facets of personality described 14.7% of headache intensity, 10.9 % of duration, and 18.7 % of frequency variance. Group1 and Group2 reached significantly higher values on the dimension of anxiety, depression, and vulnerability to stress than Group3. Group1 showed a significantly higher value on trust personality dimension than Group3 and Group2. Group3 exhibited a significantly higher value in the trust dimension than Group2. Concerning vulnerability to stress, the highest value was yielded by the “treated and suffering from headaches” group and there was a significant difference also with the “untreated and suffering from headaches” group and with the control group. In this dimension, the “untreated and suffering from headaches” group’s point value was significantly higher than the control group’s (p<0.01, U=-4.501). Conclusion – Our study demonstrates that the three headache components are not independent from personality traits, and personality traits may interact with treatment seeking behavior even in the presence of significant headache complaints. The role of the personality traits are significant in the intensity, duration and frequency of headaches

Polygenic risk scores and breast and epithelial ovarian cancer risks for carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants.

PurposeWe assessed the associations between population-based polygenic risk scores (PRS) for breast (BC) or epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) with cancer risks for BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers.MethodsRetrospective cohort data on 18,935 BRCA1 and 12,339 BRCA2 female pathogenic variant carriers of European ancestry were available. Three versions of a 313 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) BC PRS were evaluated based on whether they predict overall, estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, or ER-positive BC, and two PRS for overall or high-grade serous EOC. Associations were validated in a prospective cohort.ResultsThe ER-negative PRS showed the strongest association with BC risk for BRCA1 carriers (hazard ratio [HR] per standard deviation = 1.29 [95% CI 1.25-1.33], P = 3×10-72). For BRCA2, the strongest association was with overall BC PRS (HR = 1.31 [95% CI 1.27-1.36], P = 7×10-50). HR estimates decreased significantly with age and there was evidence for differences in associations by predicted variant effects on protein expression. The HR estimates were smaller than general population estimates. The high-grade serous PRS yielded the strongest associations with EOC risk for BRCA1 (HR = 1.32 [95% CI 1.25-1.40], P = 3×10-22) and BRCA2 (HR = 1.44 [95% CI 1.30-1.60], P = 4×10-12) carriers. The associations in the prospective cohort were similar.ConclusionPopulation-based PRS are strongly associated with BC and EOC risks for BRCA1/2 carriers and predict substantial absolute risk differences for women at PRS distribution extremes