Trends of particulate matter (PM10) concentration and related Air Quality Index (AQI) during 2005-2012 in Kermanshah, Iran

Background and Aims: Atmospheric dust, also known as a part of PM10, can cause some adverse effects on public health. The aim of this study was to investigate dust concentration trends in Kermanshah city and also to compare related Air Quality Index (AQI) in different years, seasons and months during 2005 to 2012.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, totally 2589 samples were taken from air monitoring stations owned by the Environmental Protection Agency. The ghatered data were then analyzed using SPSS software V.16.Results: The frequency percentage of PM10 concentrations based on AQI descriptions (healthy, moderate, unhealthy for sensitive groups, unhealthy, very unhealthy and dangerous) were 12.16, 68.36, 12.82, 3.43, 0.77 and 2.43 percents, respectively. It is further interesting to note that in all monitored days during the present study, 19.43% of total days were in unhealthy conditions within AQI> 100. So that, although the frequency of dusty days decreased from summer to fall, failure to meet air quality standard requirements increased from fall to winter and further to spring.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the observed changes in PM10 concentration were significant in the course of seasons and months. The worst air quality condition occured in summer (specially July). It seems possible that these results are due to frequent dust enterance originating from neighboring countries, humidity reduction, drought and unsustainable use of water resources, temperature rising, as well as wind speed and direction. Because of adverse health effects of particulate matter, it is necessary to promote environmentally aware and responsible science of its trend, short-term and long-term and also international planning to reduce its detrimental impacts.Key words: Air pollution, AQI, Dust, Kermansha

Efficacy evaluation of drinking water distribution network existence in microbial quality desirability and its chlorination status in small communities - Case study: Kermanshah province villages

Background and Aims: Safe drinking water supply is very important for human societies. The goal of this study is the determination of drinking water distribution network existence in microbial quality desirability and its chlorination status in small communities – Case study: Kermanshah province villages.Material and Methods: This method of the study is descriptive and analytical. The required data and information were collected from existing data of health center. The collected samples for microbial quality monitoring of rural drinking water were taken by health center during three-year period, that were 9174 samples. Data analysis was taken by SPSS software by using T-Test and ANOVA.Results: The results showed 79.7% and 84.3% as an average rate of desirability of microbial water quality and residual chlorination status respectively in villages having distribution system and 60.36% and 69.56% in those without distribution system.Conclusion: Assessing of microbial quality of water in all rural areas showed that villages with distribution network have better quality than other villages. So development planning for implementation of water distribution networks are suggested in other rural communities also for improvment of water quality in all rural communities (with and without distribution networks) the water safety plane should be employed.Key words: Microbial quality, Residual chlorine, Rural area, Distribution network, Kermansha

Survey of pollutant emissions from stack of Saman cement factory of Kermanshah city from year 2011 to 2012

Background and Aims: Toxic gases and hazardous particulates that release into environment from cement factories have considered as the environmental problems. This study aimed to determine the level of air pollutants from the stacks and the ambient air of the Kermanshah Saman cement factory and its comparison with existing standards.Materials and Methods: This is a Descriptive - analytical study. The assessed parameters include the suspended particles CO, NO2, NO and SO2 from pre-heater, crusher, and electro filter have performed according to the method of Perkinz air pollution control.Results: Results showed that amount of suspended particulates was lower than the industry emissions standard, which has been approved as a national standard for crusher (200 mg per cubic meter) electro-filter (150 mg per cubic meter). However, the amount of gases emission was more than standard.Conclusions: This study revealed that the controlling devices have good ability in particles control. Although the exhaust gases seemingly different from the standard, but the difference is not significant.However further controls are recommended for control of gases pollutants.Key words: Cement factory, Particulate, Polluting gases, Kermanshah

بررسي ميزان آلاينده هاي خروجي از دودكش كارخانه سيمان سامان كرمانشاه

Background and Aims: Toxic gases and hazardous particulates that release into environment from cement factories have considered as the environmental problems. This study aimed to determine the level of air pollutants from the stacks and the ambient air of the Kermanshah Saman cement factory and its comparison with existing standards.Materials and Methods: This is a Descriptive - analytical study. The assessed parameters include the suspended particles CO, NO2, NO and SO2 from pre-heater, crusher, and electro filter have performed according to the method of Perkinz air pollution control.Results: Results showed that amount of suspended particulates was lower than the industry emissions standard, which has been approved as a national standard for crusher (200 mg per cubic meter) electro-filter (150 mg per cubic meter). However, the amount of gases emission was more than standard.Conclusions: This study revealed that the controlling devices have good ability in particles control. Although the exhaust gases seemingly different from the standard, but the difference is not significant.However further controls are recommended for control of gases pollutants.مقدمه و هدف: گازهاي سمي، آلاينده ها و ذرات خطرناکي که روزانه از دودکش کارخانه هاي سيمان در محيط اطراف رها مي شود،اين صنايع را با چالش زيست محيطي مهمي روبرو ساخته است. اين مطالعه با هدف تعيين مواد و روش ها: این پژوهش یک مطالعه توصفی تحلیلی است. اندازه گیری پارامترهای مورد نظر طبق روش های کنترل آلودگی هئای پرکینز انجام شد. يافته ها: در ارزيابي صورت گرفته مشاهده گرديد که ميزان ذرات معلق خروجي از دودکش هاي کارخانه سيمان در همه فصول سالبر اساس استاندارد آلاينده هاي خروجي ناشي از صنايع، بسيار پايين تر از حد استاندارد سنگ شکن ( ۲۰۰ ميلي گرم بر متر مکعب) والکتروفيلتر ( ۱۵۰ ميليگرم بر متر مکعب) بوده است. در حالي که ميزان گازهاي خروجي در مقادير جزئي بالاتر از استاندارد مي باشد.نتيجه گيري: نتايج اين مطالعه نشان مي دهد سيستم حفاظتي آلايندگي هوا از نظر مواد معلق در تمام خروجي هاي مورد پايش از کاراييمطلوبي برخوردار است. ولي با توجه به ميزان بالاتر از استاندارد گازهاي خروجي بايد كنترل هاي بيشتري در اين زمينه انجام گيرد

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019

Microbiological Quality Trend of Drinking Water in Rural Areas of Kermanshah during 2004-2013

Backgrounds and Aims: Human health depends more than anything else to clean water and sanitation, thus safety of drinking water is one of the most important community health aspects. The objective of this study was determining microbial quality trend of drinking water in rural area of Kermanshah during 2004-2013. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive–analytical study. Ten years references laboratory data from Kermanshah Health Center were obtained.  Total coliform, termotolerant coliform and residual chlorine of drinking water samples have been analyzed statistically using SPSS Ver.16.and Excel software. Results: Base on water quality assessment of Kermanshah, the microbial contamination percent of villages covered by ABFAR decreased from 44% in 2004 to 20% in 2013, whereas in noncovered villages decreased from 70% to 47% during the same time. Contamination rate was lower than the summer time during the winter time. Free chlorine residual testing of drinking water among all studied area improved from 33% to 75% during ten years period. Conclusion: During last ten years, microbial contamination has been decreased more rapidly in covered villages than non-covered. However, there is still a long distance from the ideal situation. Based on the WHO recommendations on evaluation of microbial safety of drinking water, the average desirable of the bacteriological quality of drinking water in the villages covered by ABFAR in the ten-year period was determined well in winter and bad in summer. These conditions for non-covered villages, was determined moderate in winter and bad in summer. According to chlorination role in water safety, restrict supervision is necessary to provide public health

بررسی روند تغییرات غلظت ذرات معلق و تعیین شاخص کیفیت هوا در شهر کرمانشاه

Background and Aims: Atmospheric dust, also known as a part of PM10, can cause some adverse effects on public health. The aim of this study was to investigate dust concentration trends in Kermanshah city and also to compare related Air Quality Index (AQI) in different years, seasons and months during 2005 to 2012.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, totally 2589 samples were taken from air monitoring stations owned by the Environmental Protection Agency. The ghatered data were then analyzed using SPSS software V.16.Results: The frequency percentage of PM10 concentrations based on AQI descriptions (healthy, moderate, unhealthy for sensitive groups, unhealthy, very unhealthy and dangerous) were 12.16, 68.36, 12.82, 3.43, 0.77 and 2.43 percents, respectively. It is further interesting to note that in all monitored days during the present study, 19.43% of total days were in unhealthy conditions within AQI> 100. So that, although the frequency of dusty days decreased from summer to fall, failure to meet air quality standard requirements increased from fall to winter and further to spring.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the observed changes in PM10 concentration were significant in the course of seasons and months. The worst air quality condition occured in summer (specially July). It seems possible that these results are due to frequent dust enterance originating from neighboring countries, humidity reduction, drought and unsustainable use of water resources, temperature rising, as well as wind speed and direction. Because of adverse health effects of particulate matter, it is necessary to promote environmentally aware and responsible science of its trend, short-term and long-term and also international planning to reduce its detrimental impacts.زمينه و هدف: ریزگردها از جمله آلاینده‌های اصلی هوا می‌باشند که جزیی از PM10 بوده و می‌توانند اثرات سوئی بر سلامت مردم داشته باشند. هدف این مطالعه، تعیین روند تغییرات غلظت ریزگردها در دوره زمانی 92-1384 در شهر کرمانشاه و مقایسه آن با شاخص کیفیت هوا در سال ها، فصول و ماه‌های مختلف می‌باشد.   مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه توصیفی-تحلیلی، تعداد 2589 نمونه از ایستگاه‌های سنجش سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست اخذ و داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSSV.16 آنالیز گردیدند. يافته‌ها: درصد فراوانی غلظت ذرات معلق با معیارهای خوب، متوسط، ناسالم برای گروه‌های حساس، ناسالم، بسیار ناسالم و خطرناک به ترتیب برابر با 16/12%، 36/68% ، 82/12% ، 43/3%، 77/0% و 43/2% بود. حدود 43/19% کل روزهای این دوره وضعیت هوا در شرایط نا سالم با AQI>100 گزارش گردید. بطوریکه روند روزهای خارج از استاندارد، از فصل تابستان تا پاییز کاهشی و از پاییز تا زمستان و بهار افزایشی بود. نتيجه گيري: این مطالعه نشان داد تغییرات غلظت PM10 در کل دوره فقط از نظر فصل و ماه متفاوت بود. بدترین کیفیت هوا بیشتر در فصل تابستان و تیر ماه اتفاق می‌افتد. دلیل آن تواتر ورود ریزگردها از کشورهای همسایه، کاهش رطوبت هوا، خشکسالی، استفاده بی رویه از منابع آبی، افزایش دما و سرعت و جهت باد است. با توجه به اثرات سوء ذرات معلق بر سلامتی، آگاهی از روند تغییرات، برنامه ریزی کوتاه مدت، بلند مدت ملی و منطقه ای در جهت رفع مشکل و کاهش اثرات آن ضروری بنظر می‌رسد

Efficacy evaluation of drinking water distribution network existence in microbial quality desirability and its chlorination status in small communities - Case study: Kermanshah province villages

زمينه و هدف: تامين آب آشاميدني سالم براي جوامع بشري از اهميتي حياتي بر خوردار است. هدف از اين مطالعه تعيين تأثير وجودشبکه توزيع آب آشاميدني در ميزان مطلوبيت کيفيت ميکروبي و وضعيت کلرزني آن در اجتماعات کوچک- مطالعه موردي: روستاهاياستان کرمانشاه مي باشد.مواد وروش ها: اين پژوهش يک مطالعه توصيفي– تحليلي است، اطلاعات لازم با استفاده از داده هاي جمع آوري شده از خانه های بهداشت و مراکز بهداشتی درمانی کرمانشاه جمع آوری شده است. در این مطالعه جمعا9174 نمونه مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: نتیاج نشان  داد به طور میانگین میزان مطلوبیت از نظر کیفیت میکروبی و کلر باقیمانده به ترتیب در روستاهای دارای شبکه 79/7% و 84/3% و روستاهای فاقد شبکه 608/63% و 69/56% می باشد. نتيجه گيري: اين مطالعه نشان داد برخورداري از شبکه تامين آب شرب کيفيت ميکروبي آب را بهتر تامين مي نمايد. پيشنهاد مي شودحتي الامکان غالب جمعيتهاي روستايي تحت پوشش شبکه هاي آب و فاضلاب قرار گيرند. همچنين عليرغم وضعيت بهتر روستاهايداراي شبكه، ميزان مطلوبيت کيفيت ميکروبي آب پايين مي باشد كه بايد نظارت هاي بيشتر جهت تعيين علل و رفع مشكلات موجودصورت گيرد.Background and Aims: Safe drinking water supply is very important for human societies. The goal of this study is the determination of drinking water distribution network existence in microbial quality desirability and its chlorination status in small communities – Case study: Kermanshah province villages.Material and Methods: This method of the study is descriptive and analytical. The required data and information were collected from existing data of health center. The collected samples for microbial quality monitoring of rural drinking water were taken by health center during three-year period, that were 9174 samples. Data analysis was taken by SPSS software by using T-Test and ANOVA.Results: The results showed 79.7% and 84.3% as an average rate of desirability of microbial water quality and residual chlorination status respectively in villages having distribution system and 60.36% and 69.56% in those without distribution system.Conclusion: Assessing of microbial quality of water in all rural areas showed that villages with distribution network have better quality than other villages. So development planning for implementation of water distribution networks are suggested in other rural communities also for improvment of water quality in all rural communities (with and without distribution networks) the water safety plane should be employed

Epidemiological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kermanshah Province, 2011-2019

Background and purpose: World Health Organization recommends and supports studies about leishmaniasis as one of the six major tropical and subtropical diseases. Iran is one of countries with relatively high infection rate of cutaneous leishmaniasis, so, the purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiological status of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kermanshah province, western Iran. Materials and methods: In a cross-sectional study, we investigated the records of all patients with leishmaniasis positive smears between 2011 and 2019 in Kermanshah province. Annual rate of the disease was calculated according to the data obtained from Statistical Center of Iran. Results: There were 1946 patients with leishmaniasis, including 1477(75.9%) men. The prevalence of leishmaniasis in Kermanshah province was 15.4 in 100,000 people. The prevalence of the disease in men and women was 23.4 and 7.42, respectively. Annual pattern of infection showed that in men the incidence rate was higher between November and January and lower in June, but no specific seasonal pattern was seen in women. The most common lesions were observed in hands and then the foot with an upward trend in recent years (P<0.001). But the trends for number of lesions in the head and body remained unchanged (P=0.7). Conclusion: According to the seasonal pattern of cutaneous leishmaniasis especially in men and its relationship with their career, educational programs and trainings are recommended to prevent sandfly bites