Sobre tectónica

Revista arquitectura Lusíada. - ISSN 1647-9009. - N. 4 (1.º semestre 2013). - p. 113-123.O presente artigo procura ser apenas um texto de introdução ao estudo sobre a teoria da “poética da construção”. É um tema que nas duas últimas décadas tem suscitado interessantes discussões no contexto da crítica da arquitectura, tanto na prática do projecto, como na análise de obras construídas. Kenneth Frampton é figura central e grande responsável pela evidência que a tectónica adquiriu, sobretudo a partir dos anos 90. Já em “Towards a Critical Regionalism” (1983), manifestamente contra a “pura cenografia” pós-moderna, faz alusão à necessidade de uma “chamada à ordem criativa” e, no pequeno capítulo “Culture versus Nature” faz uma primeira alusão à forma tectónica como a expressão do “princípio primário da autonomia arquitectónica”. Os “argumentos em favor da tectónica” são apresentados em “Rappel à L’Ordre” (1990), abordando vários conteúdos desde as devidas referências históricas da teoria e arquitectura até à evidência de alinhamento do seu pensamento com a fenomenologia de Martin Heidegger. Este texto não deixará de ser um verdadeiro ensaio à sua obra mais extensa e completa sobre o tema: Studies in Tectonic Culture (1995). Ainda na linha heideggeriana associada à origem material da arquitectura, outros autores são também referência. Por exemplo: Marco Frascari que revela o detalhe como a “unidade mínima de significação”, e Vittorio Gregotti, que evidencia a importância do lugar. Ao relermos e reinterpretarmos muitos dos textos destes autores, embora passada mais de uma década depois da sua primeira edição, ficamos com o sentimento de que foram escritos hoje. Ao relembrarmos a tectónica como a “poética estrutural”, estamos a contrariar a banalização da produção, a collage ou o copy paste de informação abstracta, potenciados pela “velocidade informativa” e a afirmar o valor intemporal da criação do architekton. (Sérgio Filipe Pinto Amorim

MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL : A data set of terrestrial, volant, and marine mammal occurrences in P ortugal

Mammals are threatened worldwide, with 26% of all species being includedin the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associatedwith habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mam-mals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion formarine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems func-tionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is cru-cial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS INPORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublishedgeoreferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mam-mals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira thatincludes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occur-ring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live obser-vations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%),bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent lessthan 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrowsjsoil moundsjtunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animaljhairjskullsjjaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8),observation in shelters, (9) photo trappingjvideo, (10) predators dietjpelletsjpine cones/nuts, (11) scatjtrackjditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalizationjecholocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and100 m (76%). Rodentia (n=31,573) has the highest number of records followedby Chiroptera (n=18,857), Carnivora (n=18,594), Lagomorpha (n=17,496),Cetartiodactyla (n=11,568) and Eulipotyphla (n=7008). The data setincludes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened(e.g.,Oryctolagus cuniculus[n=12,159],Monachus monachus[n=1,512],andLynx pardinus[n=197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate thepublication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contrib-ute to ecology and conservation-related research, and therefore assisting onthe development of more accurate and tailored conservation managementstrategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite thisdata paper when the data are used in publications.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mammals in Portugal: a data set of terrestrial, volant, and marine mammal occurrences in Portugal

Mammals are threatened worldwide, with ~26% of all species being included in the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associated with habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mammals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion for marine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems functionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is crucial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublished georeferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mammals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira that includes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occurring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live observations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%), bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent less than 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrows | soil mounds | tunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animal | hair | skulls | jaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8), observation in shelters, (9) photo trapping | video, (10) predators diet | pellets | pine cones/nuts, (11) scat | track | ditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalization | echolocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and 100 m (76%). Rodentia (n =31,573) has the highest number of records followed by Chiroptera (n = 18,857), Carnivora (n = 18,594), Lagomorpha (n = 17,496), Cetartiodactyla (n = 11,568) and Eulipotyphla (n = 7008). The data set includes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened (e.g., Oryctolagus cuniculus [n = 12,159], Monachus monachus [n = 1,512], and Lynx pardinus [n = 197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate the publication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contribute to ecology and conservation-related research, and therefore assisting on the development of more accurate and tailored conservation management strategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications

Novo estilo : Semper versus Viollet-le-Duc

Revista arquitectura Lusíada. - ISSN 1647-9009. - N. 3 (2.º semestre 2011). - p. 123-132.A produção arquitectónica entre o final do século XVIII e o início do século XX é o resultado do debate sobre a representação do objecto arquitectónico perante o novo paradigma tecnológico na concepção do edifício, expondo um conflito entre arte e técnica na gestão projectual da estrutura/revestimento, no processo criativo da forma. A ruptura com o Barroco, sobretudo, pelos arquitectos franceses do século XVIII, serve de acto iniciador de uma renovada busca estilística, com fortes orientações Clássicas e Góticas que - num âmbito teórico e em associação com as descobertas arqueológicas, os nacionalismos europeus e americano - determinam grande parte do léxico usado nas obras da primeira metade do século XIX. Contudo, é através da vulgarização da prática construtiva com o ferro, nas décadas de 50, 60 e 70, que a edificação encontra as maiores contradições na expressão da tecnologia construtiva, desenvolvendo-se uma maior variação discursiva de gosto ecléctico. Nas três décadas seguintes, com as experiências dos arquitectos da Escola de Chicago, da Secessão Vienense e da Art Nouveau, a procura do novo estilo dá origem a interpretações da forma construída tão diversas quanto complexas na articulação teóricoprática da estrutura com o revestimento. São experiências desenvolvidas em processos individuais que demonstram várias interpretações sobre os elementos arquitectónicos - através do ornamento e dos materiais que os constituem -, perfeitamente enquadradas pelo espectro teórico proporcionado pelas teses de Der Stil e de Entretiens sur l’architecture. (Sérgio Filipe Pinto Amorim

Depois da chamada à ordem : do objecto estereotómico na forma arquitectónica contemporânea

Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura.Exame público realizado em 18 de Janeiro de 2018.Resumo: Depois da ‘Chamada à Ordem’: do objecto estereotómico na forma arquitectónica contemporânea identifica a investigação sobre uma cultura arquitectónica que considera a materialidade pesada como factor de significação. Sob um entendimento da arquitectura como a expressão poética da construção, segundo a perspectiva de Kenneth Frampton, este trabalho utiliza a simbologia inerente aos conceitos semperianos de “estereotómico” (pesado) e “tectónico” (leve) para desenvolver o reconhecimento: 1. das formas construídas pesadas; 2. dos elementos arquitectónicos que contribuem para a percepção do pesado nas formas construídas; 3. do processo de projecto como génese da concepção pesada da forma arquitectónica contemporânea. Colocando‐se como hipótese a constituição da parede como o objecto estereotómico, esta abordagem procura indagar sobre a possibilidade de definir a ideia de “arquitectura estereotómica” através da identificação das qualidades ontológicas e representacionais das formas contemporâneas edificadas. Nesta circunstância, procura também averiguar sobre a contribuição do conceito “estereotómico” para a significação da coisa construída. A dissertação desenvolveu‐se tendo por base uma investigação de dados qualitativos sob a orientação da hermenêutica (textos) e da fenomenologia (edifícios), organizando‐se em cinco partes: 1. MAGMA: ajuda a contextualizar a importância da cultura tectónica como parti pris da investigação e da visão crítica diacrónica/sincrónica no continuum temporal da cultura arquitectónica; 2. TERRA e FUNDAÇÃO: massa de textos intercalados que explicitam, por um lado, a análise fenomenológica de edifícios de diferentes períodos – procurando sempre indagar sobre a fenomenologia da parede – e, por outro, a respectiva interpretação da estrutura epistemológica que enquadra as formas construídas como coisas eruditas; 3. LUGAR DO FOGO e FOGO: formam o núcleo teórico da tese. O primeiro pretende fundamentar a importância dos conceitos do fazer e do como fazer na concepção e construção da forma, procurando enquadrá‐los numa epistemologia de projecto. O segundo pretende definir o carácter da fenomenologia sob três conceitos essenciais para um existencialismo na arquitectura: lugar, memória corporal e tectónica; 4. ESTRUTURA: reservada à definição, análise fenomenológica e categorização sistematizada do conceito “estereotómico” na arquitectura; 5. DELIMITAÇÃO: análise e interpretação crítica dos três casos de estudo seleccionados com o interesse de desvelar como o objecto estereotómico é percepcionado por nós (visitas) e é concebido no processo de projecto de Peter Zumthor. Nesta sequência identificamos que existem arquitecturas que podemos designar por estereotómicas, porque a parede revela‐se ontologicamente e/ou representacionalmente como o objecto simbólico pesado; é um elemento constituído por materiais pesados, exprime‐se formalmente como componente contínuo e é também configurado como estrutura aparente. Finalmente, importa referir que no contexto do reconhecimento da arquitectura estereotómica, a materialidade pesada mostra‐se decisiva como factor de significação da construção, porque permite gerar atmosferas onde as experiências espaciais potenciam metáforas existenciais que nos remetem para sensações de habitar espaços do interior da terra.Abstract: After 'Rappel à l'Ordre': the stereotomic object in contemporary architectural form identifies the research on an architectural culture that regards heavy materiality as a factor of meaning. Understanding architecture as the poetic expression of construction, in the perspective of Kenneth Frampton, this work uses the symbology inherent to the semperian concepts of "stereotomic" (heavy) and "tectonic" (light) to develop recognition: 1. of the heavy built forms; 2. of the architectural elements that contribute to the perception of heavy concerning built forms; 3. of the design process as genesis of the heavy conception of the contemporary architectural form. Assuming the constitution of the wall as the stereotomic object, this approach seeks to explore the possibility of defining the idea of "stereotomic architecture" through the identification of the ontological and representational qualities of contemporary constructed forms. In this sense, it also intends to inquire about the contribution of the "stereotomic" concept to the meaning of the constructed thing. The dissertation was developed based on an investigation of qualitative data under from the perspective of hermeneutics (texts) and phenomenology (buildings), being organized in five parts: 1. MAGMA: helps to contextualize the importance of tectonic culture as parti pris of the research and the diachronic/synchronic critical vision in the temporal continuum of architectural culture; 2. EARTH and FOUNDATION: a mass of intercalated texts that explain, on the one hand, the phenomenological analysis of buildings of different periods ‐ always seeking to inquire about the phenomenology of the wall ‐ and, on the other hand, the corresponding interpretation of the epistemological structure that frames built forms as erudite things; 3. PLACE OF FIRE and FIRE: they form the theoretical nucleus of the thesis. The first intends to substantiate the importance of the concepts of to do and how to do in the design and construction of form, seeking to fit them into a project epistemology. The second aims to define the character of phenomenology under three essential concepts for an existentialism in architecture: place, embodiment and tectonics; 4. STRUCTURE: reserved for the definition, phenomenological analysis and systematized categorization of the "stereotomic" concept in architecture; 5. DELIMITATION: analysis and critical interpretation of the three case studies selected for the purpose of unveiling how the stereotomic object is perceived by us (visitors) and how it is conceived in the design process of Peter Zumthor. In this sequence we identify that there are architectures that we can call stereotomic, because the wall reveals itself ontologically and/or representationally as the heavy symbolic object; it is an element constituted by heavy materials, it is formally expressed as a continuous component and it is also configured as a visible structure. Finally, it is important to mention that in the context of the recognition of the stereotomic architecture, heavy materiality is decisive as a meaningness factor of building, because it allows to generate atmospheres where spatial experimentations potentiate existential metaphors that give us sensations of inhabiting spaces of the interior of the earth

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications of COVID-19 in adults hospitalized in high-income countries compared with those in adults hospitalized in low- and middle-income countries in an international registry

Background: COVID-19 has been associated with a broad range of thromboembolic, ischemic, and hemorrhagic complications (coagulopathy complications). Most studies have focused on patients with severe disease from high-income countries (HICs). Objectives: The main aims were to compare the frequency of coagulopathy complications in developing countries (low- and middle-income countries [LMICs]) with those in HICs, delineate the frequency across a range of treatment levels, and determine associations with in-hospital mortality. Methods: Adult patients enrolled in an observational, multinational registry, the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections COVID-19 study, between January 1, 2020, and September 15, 2021, met inclusion criteria, including admission to a hospital for laboratory-confirmed, acute COVID-19 and data on complications and survival. The advanced-treatment cohort received care, such as admission to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, or inotropes or vasopressors; the basic-treatment cohort did not receive any of these interventions. Results: The study population included 495,682 patients from 52 countries, with 63% from LMICs and 85% in the basic treatment cohort. The frequency of coagulopathy complications was higher in HICs (0.76%-3.4%) than in LMICs (0.09%-1.22%). Complications were more frequent in the advanced-treatment cohort than in the basic-treatment cohort. Coagulopathy complications were associated with increased in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.52-1.64). The increased mortality associated with these complications was higher in LMICs (58.5%) than in HICs (35.4%). After controlling for coagulopathy complications, treatment intensity, and multiple other factors, the mortality was higher among patients in LMICs than among patients in HICs (odds ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.39-1.51). Conclusion: In a large, international registry of patients hospitalized for COVID-19, coagulopathy complications were more frequent in HICs than in LMICs (developing countries). Increased mortality associated with coagulopathy complications was of a greater magnitude among patients in LMICs. Additional research is needed regarding timely diagnosis of and intervention for coagulation derangements associated with COVID-19, particularly for limited-resource settings

Characteristics and outcomes of an international cohort of 600 000 hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Background: We describe demographic features, treatments and clinical outcomes in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 cohort, one of the world's largest international, standardized data sets concerning hospitalized patients. Methods: The data set analysed includes COVID-19 patients hospitalized between January 2020 and January 2022 in 52 countries. We investigated how symptoms on admission, co-morbidities, risk factors and treatments varied by age, sex and other characteristics. We used Cox regression models to investigate associations between demographics, symptoms, co-morbidities and other factors with risk of death, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Results: Data were available for 689 572 patients with laboratory-confirmed (91.1%) or clinically diagnosed (8.9%) SARS-CoV-2 infection from 52 countries. Age [adjusted hazard ratio per 10 years 1.49 (95% CI 1.48, 1.49)] and male sex [1.23 (1.21, 1.24)] were associated with a higher risk of death. Rates of admission to an ICU and use of IMV increased with age up to age 60 years then dropped. Symptoms, co-morbidities and treatments varied by age and had varied associations with clinical outcomes. The case-fatality ratio varied by country partly due to differences in the clinical characteristics of recruited patients and was on average 21.5%. Conclusions: Age was the strongest determinant of risk of death, with a ∼30-fold difference between the oldest and youngest groups; each of the co-morbidities included was associated with up to an almost 2-fold increase in risk. Smoking and obesity were also associated with a higher risk of death. The size of our international database and the standardized data collection method make this study a comprehensive international description of COVID-19 clinical features. Our findings may inform strategies that involve prioritization of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who have a higher risk of death

ISARIC-COVID-19 dataset: A Prospective, Standardized, Global Dataset of Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19

The International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 dataset is one of the largest international databases of prospectively collected clinical data on people hospitalized with COVID-19. This dataset was compiled during the COVID-19 pandemic by a network of hospitals that collect data using the ISARIC-World Health Organization Clinical Characterization Protocol and data tools. The database includes data from more than 705,000 patients, collected in more than 60 countries and 1,500 centres worldwide. Patient data are available from acute hospital admissions with COVID-19 and outpatient follow-ups. The data include signs and symptoms, pre-existing comorbidities, vital signs, chronic and acute treatments, complications, dates of hospitalization and discharge, mortality, viral strains, vaccination status, and other data. Here, we present the dataset characteristics, explain its architecture and how to gain access, and provide tools to facilitate its use