FEATURES OF PUBLIC-GEOGRAPHICAL MAPPING OF CONFESSIONAL SPACE OF UKRAINE

A universal author's methodology for mapping the confessional space of the territory with the use of special methods and means is proposed. In the process of scientific research, the following tasks are accomplished: 1) an analysis of existing cartographic materials is carried out, where the confessional structure and other scientific sources are displayed; 2) the main advantages and disadvantages of using certain methods, means, techniques and symbols are highlighted; 3) its own methodology for mapping the confessional space of individual territories is developed (on the example of the territory of Ukraine and its individual regions). The offered results of scientific researches are approved at scientific conferences and congresses and have received positive responses of leading scientists of Ukraine in the field of cartography. As a result of such studies and practical application of the mapping methodology, we created a series of maps (more than 120) reflecting the confessional space of Ukraine at the level of administrative and territorial regions and cities of regional importance. We also built a map for Volyn, Rivne, Lviv, Ternopil, Khmelnytsky, Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk and Zakarpattia regions at the settlement level. This allows to identify the various areas of possible interconfessional confrontations, as well as promising destinations for the development of religious tourism. The main scientific result of the scientific research is the proposed methodology for mapping the confessional space, as well as creating tourist maps for the development of religious tourism. These results create the foundation for further scientific reflection on the process of mapping and cartographic monitoring of confessional space. They can serve as basic information for regulating interfaith relations at various levels, which is relevant for Ukraine today

Submarine Slope Stability of a Fjord Delta: Bella Coola, British Columbia

Recent evidence indicates that the submarine slopes of the Bella Coola Delta, a fjord delta in British Columbia, are subject to mass movements. Mass movements originate in the source areas of chutes (gullies) and transfer coarse sediment downslope. Stability analyses indicate that earthquakes, depositional loading and wave loading are capable of causing slope failures in chute source areas. Gas generation and tidal drawdown appear to reduce sediment strength by increasing pore water pressures, increasing the potential for failures initiated by other mechanisms. Failure related to slope over-steepening at distributary mouths would require much steeper slopes than those encountered. The most unstable areas are those at distributary mouths where most of the mechanisms of failure generation could occur simultaneously. With the exception of earthquakes, the failure mechanisms examined would result in high frequency, low magnitude slides that are most likely to occur in spring and summer. Earthquakes would cause high magnitude, low frequency failures.Des observations récentes démontrent que les pentes sous-marines du delta de Bella Coola sont sujettes à des mouvements de masse. Ces mouvements prennent leur origine dans les zones de formation de ravines et provoquent le transfert des sédiments grossiers vers le bas. Les analyses de stabilité montrent que les tremblements de terre, la charge d'accumulation et la charge des vagues peuvent causer des décrochements. La formation de gaz et la baisse des marées semble réduire la résistance au cisaillement des sédiments en augmentant la pression interstitielle, multipliant ainsi les possibilités de ruptures amorcées par d'autres mécanismes. Les pentes observées à l'embouchure des effluents ne permettent pas qu'il y ait ruptures provoquées par une trop forte inclinaison. Les régions les plus instables sont situées à l'embouchure des effluents où la plupart des mécanismes à l'origine des décrochements peuvent s'exercer simultanément. Sauf en ce qui à trait aux tremblements de terre, les mécanismes étudiés provoqueraient de fréquents glissements, mais de faible importance, plus susceptibles de se produire au printemps et en été. Par contre, les tremblements de terre seraient à l'origine de glissements importants, mais plus rares.Neuere Belege zeigen, dass die untermeerischen Abhange des Bella Coola-Deltas, einem Fjord-Delta in British Columbia, Bewegungen von solidem Material ausgesetzt sind. Die Bewegungen von solidem Material gehen von Schluchten aus und befôrdern grobe Sedimente hangabwârts. Stabilitàts-Analysen zeigen, dass Erdbeben und die Belastung durch Ablagerung und Wellen Hangbrùche Rutschungen bewirken kônnen. Die Bildung von Gas und das Nachlassen der Gezeiten scheinen die Sediment-Stàrke zu verringern, indem sie den Druck von Poren-Wasser erhôhen und damit die Môglichkeit fur Bruche, die durch andere Mechanismen eingeleitet wurden, noch erhôhen. Die vorgefundenen Abhànge sind nicht steil genug, um die Bruche auf zu steile Abhànge an den Mundungen der Abflùsse zurûckzufùhren. Die am wenigsten stabilen Gebiete befinden sich an den Mundungen der Abflùsse, wo die meisten Mechanismen, die Bruche provozieren kônnen, gleichzeitig auftreten kônnen. Mit Ausnahme der Erdbeben wùrden die untersuchten Bruchmechanismen zu hàufigen aber geringfùgigen Erdrutschen fùhren, die am ehesten im Frùhling und Sommer vorkommen. Erdbeden wùrden zu bedeutenderen aber selteneren Erdrutschen fùhren

GEOPOLITICAL ASPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TRANSBOUNDARY MULTI-RELIGIOUS ETHNOCONTACT REGION

The peculiarities of the formation of the main geopolitical strategies for the development of the transboundary, ethnocontact region have been revealed and the detailed analysis of the development of geopolitical factors during the Independence period of Ukraine has been carried out. The Chernivtsi region is a demonstrative example of such a region, in which representatives of many nationalities live (Ukrainians, Romanians, Moldovans, Russians and others), and also the territories inhabited by Ukrainians, Romanians and Moldovans encounter here, which makes it possible to characterize the region as ethnocontact.The results of the conducted study reveal a new vision of the problems of relations in the Chernivtsi region with representatives of the most numerous national groups of the population, including Ukrainians, Romanians, Moldovans and Russians, as well as prospects for further interethnic and interstate relations.As a result of the application of various research methods, the typification of the administrative divisions of the Chernivtsi region based on the stability of the geopolitical factors of their development has been carried out, the chronology of the development of interstate relations between Ukraine and Romania, and the emergence of ideas of various types of separatism (territorial, religious, political, etc.) have been analyzed, as well as the recommendations to various state and local authorities concerning preservation and increase of such their sustainability have been developed. It was established that the main factors of the formation of the geopolitical situation in the region under study include ethnic, linguistic, religious, socio-economic, cultural, educational, historical-geographical and foreign-policy, and the territorial dependence of the political situation on these factors has been described.They can be used in the process of working out of various regional development programs and in the strategizing for interstate relations between Romania and Moldova

Religious activity of the population as factor of influence on the demographic processes

This article studies the peculiarities of influence of religious activity of the population on the course of the demographic process on a certain territory. The territory of Ukraine was selected for research. It is established that the religious activity of the population significantly determines the process of birth and death of the population, due to the number of abortions, suicides, the average number of children in the family, and so on. To establish the relationship and its justification, a method of linear correlation was chosen which helped to establish different degrees of mutual influence. The most noticeable impact on demographic components is presented in the article

Depression of administrative-territorial units of Chernivtsi oblast: social-geographical assessment

Problem Statement and Purpose. The world economy has always developed and continues to develop cyclically, which affects the economic development of individual countries and their regions. As a result of cyclical economic development, regions are formed that maintain a progressive or stagnant type of economic development, and some of them, especially during periods of economic crisis, develop a regressive type. Thus, depressed regions or their separate territories appear, the study of which aims to identify in time the territorial disparities and polarizations of different types of the social formation of administrative units and to establish the level of their depression. It should be noted that most of the available scientific achievements concern the study of the territory of Ukraine at the regional level, and not at the subregional (raion) level. Therefore, our research allows us to shed more light on the depression of administrative-territorial units of Chernivtsi oblast, which differs from other regions of Ukraine by its natural-geographical, demographic, ethnic contrast, as well as cross-border and border position, which certainly has a significant impact on depression of regions and cities of regional significance.The purpose of this study is to conduct a socio-geographical assessment of the depression of administrative-territorial units of Chernivtsi oblast, which allows us to learn about the current state of the oblast and its raions in terms of depression, as well as identify possible steps to solve this problem.Data & Methods. To study the depression of administrative-territorial units of Chernivtsi oblast, the following main types were chosen: economic, social, and demographic. For each of these blocks, the main indicators of indicators were determined, according to which a socio-geographical assessment of the level of depression in administrative regions and cities of regional significance was conducted.Having established the rating places for each administrative-territorial unit according to the selected indicators, or their relative values, it was possible to establish the average place of each unit and, accordingly, the level of depression for each of the studied blocks. It was also established the common place of administrative units in the region by all indicators and thus identified different, according to the level of depression, regions.Results. With the help of rating research, the typification of administrative-territorial units of the oblast according to the level of economic, social, demographic, and integral depression was carried out. The most depressed were the agricultural raions of the oblast – Khotyn, and Sokyriany. However, it should be noted that Khotyn raion has the same types of depression in all its components, and in Sokyriany raion the worst is the demographic situation, and the best ‒ the economic one. The lowest level of depression is characteristic of Storozhynets raion, which is explained by its favorable geographical location relative to the oblast center, which contributes to economic and social development, as well as polyethnicity, which strengthens the demographic component

A parameterization of flow separation over subaqueous dunes

Flow separation plays a key role in the development of dunes, and modeling the complicated flow behavior inside the flow separation zone requires much computational effort. To make a first step toward modeling dune development at reasonable temporal and spatial scales, a parameterization of the shape of the flow separation zone over two-dimensional dunes is proposed herein, in order to avoid modeling the complex flow inside the flow separation zone. Flow separation behind dunes, with an angle-of-repose slip face, is characterized by a large circulating leeside eddy, where a separation streamline forms the upper boundary of the recirculating eddy. Experimental data of turbulent flow over two-dimensional subaqueous bed forms are used to parameterize this separation streamline. The bed forms have various heights and height to length ratios, and a wide range of flow conditions is analyzed. This paper shows that the shape of the flow separation zone can be approximated by a third-order polynomial as a function of the distance away from the flow separation point. The coefficients of the polynomial can be estimated, independent of flow conditions, on the basis of bed form shape at the flow separation point and a constant angle of the separation streamline at the flow reattachment point. \ud \u

On the causes of pulsing in continuous turbidity currents

Velocity pulsing has previously been observed in continuous turbidity currents in lakes and reservoirs, even though the input flow is steady. Several different mechanisms have been ascribed to the generation of these fluctuations, including Rayleigh‐Taylor (RT) instabilities that are related to surface lobes along the plunge line where the river enters the receiving water body and interfacial waves such as Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities. However, the understanding of velocity pulsing in turbidity currents remains limited. Herein we undertake a stability analysis for inclined flows and compare it against laboratory experiments, direct numerical simulations, and field data from Lillooet Lake, Canada, and Xiaolangdi Reservoir, China, thus enabling an improved understanding of the formative mechanisms for velocity pulsing. Both RT and Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities are shown to be prevalent in turbidity currents depending on initial conditions and topography, with plunge line lobes and higher bulk Richardson numbers favoring RT instabilities. Other interfacial wave instabilities (Holmboe and Taylor‐Caulfield) may also be present. While this is the most detailed analysis of velocity pulsing conducted to date, the differences in spatial scales between field, direct numerical simulations, and experiments and the potential complexity of multiple processes acting in field examples indicate that further work is required. In particular, there is a need for simultaneous field measurements at multiple locations within a given system to quantify the spatiotemporal evolution of such pulsing

Modulation of outer bank erosion by slump blocks: disentangling the protective and destructive role of failed material on the three-dimensional flow structure

The three-dimensional flow field near the banks of alluvial channels is the primary factor controlling rates of bank erosion. Although submerged slump blocks and associated large-scale bank roughness elements have both previously been proposed to divert flow away from the bank, direct observations of the interaction between eroded bank material and the 3-D flow field are lacking. Here we use observations from multibeam echo sounding, terrestrial laser scanning, and acoustic Doppler current profiling to quantify, for the first time, the influence of submerged slump blocks on the near-bank flow field. In contrast to previous research emphasizing their influence on flow diversion away from the bank, we show that slump blocks may also deflect flow onto the bank, thereby increasing local shear stresses and rates of erosion. We use our measurements to propose a conceptual model for how submerged slump blocks interact with the flow field to modulate bank erosion

Field characterization of three-dimensional lee-side airflow patterns under offshore winds at a beach-dune system

Characterization of three-dimensional (3D) airflow remains elusive within a variety of environments and is particularly challenging over complex dune topography. Previous work examining airflow over and in the lee of dunes has been restricted to two-dimensional studies and has concentrated on dune shapes containing angle of repose lee sides only. However, the presence of vegetation in coastal dunes creates topographic differences and irregular shapes that interfere with flow separation at the crest and significantly modify lee-side airflow patterns and potential transport. This paper presents the first 3D field characterization of airflow patterns at the lee side of a subaerial dune. Flow information was obtained using an array of 3D ultrasonic anemometers deployed over a beach surface during seven offshore wind events. Data were used to measure cross-shore and alongshore lee-side airflow patterns using the three dimensions of the wind vector. Distances to re-attachment were similar to previous studies, but the range of transverse incident wind directions resulting in flow separation (0+/-35 degrees) was almost twice that previously reported (0+/-20 degrees). Airflow reversal took place with winds as slow as 1m s(-1). Transverse offshore winds generated areas of opposing wind directions both within the reversed zone and beyond re-attachment, contrary to consistent deflection in only one direction found in transverse desert dunes. Patterns of flow convergence-divergence have been reported in fluvial studies. However, while convergence was associated with weak reversal in fluvial settings, it appeared to be related to strong flow reversal here and could be produced by pressure differentials at the dune crest

Hydraulic control of a highly stratified estuarine front

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 35 (2005): 374-387, doi:10.1175/JPO-2692.1.Observations at the mouth of the Fraser River (British Columbia, Canada) indicate an abrupt frontal transition between unstratified river outflow and a highly stratified river plume with differences in salinity greater than 25 psu across a few meters in the vertical direction and several hundred meters in the horizontal direction. The front roughly follows a natural break in the bathymetry, crossing the channel at an angle of approximately 45°, and is essentially stationary for a period of approximately 3.5 h centered on the low tide following the larger of two daily ebbs. The location of the front is coincident with observations of significantly supercritical internal Froude numbers at the front, based on velocities in the along-flow direction. This observation contradicts the one-dimensional theory, which indicates that the Froude number should be 1. However, because the front is oriented obliquely to the outflow, a coordinate system can be selected that is normal to the front and for which a critical Froude number of 1 is obtained. This indicates that a Froude angle, similar in application to a Mach angle for transonic flows, can be used to determine critical conditions when the front is oblique to the principal flow direction.This work was performed as a part of D. MacDonald’s Ph.D. thesis, and was funded by Office of Naval Research Grants N000-14-97-10134 and N000-14-97- 10566, National Science Foundation Grant OCE- 9906787, a National Science Foundation graduate fellowship, and support from the WHOI Academic Programs Office