Digitale Emulationen von analogen Kompressoren im Vergleich

Diese Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit Kompressoren in der Tonstudiotechnik. Nach einer Einführung in die Welt der Kompressoren selbst werden je fünf Software-Emulationen von insgesamt drei legendären analogen Geräten der Tonstudiotechnik (Teletronix/ UREI/ Universal Audio LA-2A, Fairchild 660/ 670 und SSL Buskompressor) miteinander verglichen. Zum Einen wird auf die Ausstattung der Plug-Ins von Antress, Focusrite, IK Multimedia, SSL, UAD und Waves, sowie des analogen Vorbilds eingegangen. Der Großteil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich jedoch mit der Analyse des spektralen, dynamischen und zeitlichen Verhaltens der Emulationen. Die dadurch entstandenen 250 Abbildungen und Diagramme sind auf einer Daten-CD am Buchende beigelegt

Comprehensive inter-laboratory calibration of reference materials for δ18O versus VSMOW using various on-line high-temperature conversion techniques

Internationally distributed organic and inorganic oxygen isotopic reference materials have been calibrated by six laboratories carrying out more than 5300 measurements using a variety of high-temperature conversion techniques (HTC) in an evaluation sponsored by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). To aid in the calibration of these reference materials, which span more than 125‰, an artificially enriched reference water (δ18O of +78.91‰) and two barium sulfates (one depleted and one enriched in 18O) were prepared and calibrated relative to VSMOW2 and SLAP reference waters. These materials were used to calibrate the other isotopic reference materials in this study. The seemingly large estimated combined uncertainties arise from differences in instrumentation and methodology and difficulty in accounting for all measurement bias. They are composed of the 3-fold standard errors directly calculated from the measurements and provision for systematic errors discussed in this paper. A primary conclusion of this study is that nitrate samples analyzed for δ18O should be analyzed with internationally distributed isotopic nitrates, and likewise for sulfates and organics. Authors reporting relative differences of oxygen-isotope ratios (δ18O) of nitrates, sulfates, or organic material should explicitly state in their reports the δ18O values of two or more internationally distributed nitrates (USGS34, IAEA-NO-3, and USGS35), sulfates (IAEA-SO-5, IAEA-SO-6, and NBS 127), or organic material (IAEA-601 benzoic acid, IAEA-602 benzoic acid, and IAEA-600 caffeine), as appropriate to the material being analyzed, had these reference materials been analyzed with unknowns. This procedure ensures that readers will be able to normalize the δ18O values at a later time should it become necessary. The high-temperature reduction technique for analyzing δ18O and δ2H is not as widely applicable as the well-established combustion technique for carbon and nitrogen stable isotope determination. To obtain the most reliable stable isotope data, materials should be treated in an identical fashion; within the same sequence of analyses, samples should be compared with working reference materials that are as similar in nature and in isotopic composition as feasible.

PLoS ONE / Influential factors on the relative age effect in alpine ski racing

The relative age effect (RAE), which refers to an over-representation of selected athletes born early in the selection year, was proven to be present in alpine ski racing in all age categories at both national and international levels. However, the influential factors on, or the causal mechanisms of, the RAE are still unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine three possible influential factors on the relative age effect in alpine skiing: physical performance, anthropometric characteristics and biological maturational status. The study included the investigation of 282 elite Austrian youth ski racers and 413 non-athletes (comparison group) of the same age (1013 years) and region. Six physical performance tests were performed, body mass and height were assessed, and the age at peak height velocity (APHV) was calculated. A significant RAE was present in the ski racers. No differences were shown in the physical performance characteristics or in the calculated APHV between the relative age quarters. These results suggest that ski racers born in the last quarter can counteract the relative age disadvantages if they already present the same level of physical performance and maturational status as those born at the beginning of the year. The height and weight of ski racers born at the beginning of the year were significantly higher compared to the non-athletes, and ski racers born in relative age quarter 1 were taller and heavier compared to the ski racers of the other quarters. This indicates that the anthropometric characteristics influence the selection process in alpine ski racing, and that relatively older athletes are more likely to be selected if they exhibit advanced anthropometric characteristics.(VLID)191309

Mann and gender in Old English prose : a pilot study

It has long been known that OE mann was used in gender-neutral as well as gender-specific contexts. Because of the enormous volume of its attestations in Old English prose, the more precise usage patterns of mann remain, however, largely uncharted, and existing lexicographical tools provide only a basic picture. This article aims to present a preliminary study of the various uses of mann as attested in Old English prose, particularly in its surprisingly consistent use by an individual author, namely that of the ninth-century Old English Martyrology. Patterns emerging from this text are then tested against other prose material. Particular attention is paid to gender-specific usage, examples of which are shown to be exceptional for a word which largely occurs in gender-neutral contexts.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

The “isohydric trap”: A proposed feedback between water shortage, stomatal regulation, and nutrient acquisition drives differential growth and survival of European pines under climatic dryness

Climatic dryness imposes limitations on vascular plant growth by reducing stomatalconductance, thereby decreasing CO2 uptake and transpiration. Given that transpiration-driven water flow is required for nutrient uptake, climatic stress-induced nutrientdeficit could be a key mechanism for decreased plant performance underprolonged drought. We propose the existence of an "isohydric trap," a drynessinduceddetrimental feedback leading to nutrient deficit and stoichiometry imbalancein strict isohydric species. We tested this framework in a common garden experimentwith 840 individuals of four ecologically contrasting European pines (Pinushalepensis, P. nigra, P. sylvestris, and P. uncinata) at a site with high temperature andlow soil water availability. We measured growth, survival, photochemical efficiency,stem water potentials, leaf isotopic composition (d13C, d18O), and nutrient concentrations(C, N, P, K, Zn, Cu). After 2 years, the Mediterranean species Pinus halepensis showed lower d18O and higher d13C values than the other species, indicatinghigher time-integrated transpiration and water-use efficiency (WUE), along withlower predawn and midday water potentials, higher photochemical efficiency, higher leaf P, and K concentrations, more balanced N:P and N:K ratios, and much greaterdry-biomass (up to 63-fold) and survival (100%).Comunidad de MadridMinisterio de Educación, Cultura y Deport