Complex characterization of oat (Avena sativa L.) lines obtained by wide crossing with maize (Zea mays L.)

Background. The oat×maize addition (OMA) lines are used for mapping of the maize genome, the studies of centromere-specific histone (CENH3), gene expression, meiotic chromosome behavior and also for introducing maize C4 photosynthetic system to oat. The aim of our study was the identification and molecular-cytogenetic characterization of oat × maize hybrids. Methods. Oat DH lines and oat × maize hybrids were obtained using the wide crossing of Avena sativa L. with Zea mays L. The plants identified as having a Grande- 1 retrotransposon fragment, which produced seeds, were used for genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Results. A total of 138 oat lines obtained by crossing of 2,314 oat plants from 80 genotypes with maize cv. Waza were tested for the presence of maize chromosomes. The presence of maize chromatin was indicated in 66 lines by amplification of the PCR product (500 bp) generated using primers specific for the maize retrotransposon Grande-1. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) detected whole maize chromosomes in eight lines (40%). All of the analyzed plants possessed full complement of oat chromosomes. The number of maize chromosomes differed between the OMA lines. Four OMA lines possessed two maize chromosomes similar in size, three OMA-one maize chromosome, and one OMA-four maize chromosomes. In most of the lines, the detected chromosomes were labeled uniformly. The presence of six 45S rDNA loci was detected in oat chromosomes, but none of the added maize chromosomes in any of the lines carried 45S rDNA locus. Twenty of the analyzed lines did not possess whole maize chromosomes, but the introgression of maize chromatin in the oat chromosomes. Five of 66 hybrids were shorter in height, grassy type without panicles. Twenty-seven OMA lines were fertile and produced seeds ranging in number from 1-102 (in total 613). Sixty-three fertile DH lines, out of 72 which did not have an addition of maize chromosomes or chromatin, produced seeds in the range of 1-343 (in total 3,758). Obtained DH and OMA lines were fertile and produced seeds. Discussion. In wide hybridization of oat with maize, the complete or incomplete chromosomes elimination of maize occur. Hybrids of oat and maize had a complete set of oat chromosomes without maize chromosomes, and a complete set of oat chromosomes with one to four retained maize chromosomes

HorTILLUS - a rich and renewable source of induced mutations for forward/reverse genetics and pre-breeding programs in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) is a strategy used for functional analysis of genes that combines the classical mutagenesis and a rapid, high-throughput identification of mutations within a gene of interest. TILLING has been initially developed as a discovery platform for functional genomics, but soon it has become a valuable tool in development of desired alleles for crop breeding, alternative to transgenic approach. Here we present the HorTILLUS (Hordeum—TILLING—University of Silesia) population created for spring barley cultivar “Sebastian” after double-treatment of seeds with two chemical mutagens: sodium azide (NaN3) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). The population comprises more than 9,600 M2 plants from which DNA was isolated, seeds harvested, vacuum-packed, and deposited in seed bank. M3 progeny of 3,481 M2 individuals was grown in the field and phenotyped. The screening for mutations was performed for 32 genes related to different aspects of plant growth and development. For each gene fragment, 3,072–6,912 M2 plants were used for mutation identification using LI-COR sequencer. In total, 382 mutations were found in 182.2Mb screened. The average mutation density in the HorTILLUS, estimated as 1 mutation per 477 kb, is among the highest mutation densities reported for barley. The majority of mutations were G/C to A/T transitions, however about 8% transversions were also detected. Sixty-one percent of mutations found in coding regions were missense, 37.5% silent and 1.1% nonsense. In each gene, the missense mutations with a potential effect on protein function were identified. The HorTILLUS platformis the largest of the TILLING populations reported for barley and best characterized. The population proved to be a useful tool, both in functional genomic studies and in forward selection of barley mutants with required phenotypic changes. We are constantly renewing the HorTILLUS population, which makes it a permanent source of new mutations.We offer the usage of this valuable resource to the interested barley researchers on cooperative basis

Rare coding variants and X-linked loci associated with age at menarche.

More than 100 loci have been identified for age at menarche by genome-wide association studies; however, collectively these explain only ∼3% of the trait variance. Here we test two overlooked sources of variation in 192,974 European ancestry women: low-frequency protein-coding variants and X-chromosome variants. Five missense/nonsense variants (in ALMS1/LAMB2/TNRC6A/TACR3/PRKAG1) are associated with age at menarche (minor allele frequencies 0.08-4.6%; effect sizes 0.08-1.25 years per allele; P<5 × 10(-8)). In addition, we identify common X-chromosome loci at IGSF1 (rs762080, P=9.4 × 10(-13)) and FAAH2 (rs5914101, P=4.9 × 10(-10)). Highlighted genes implicate cellular energy homeostasis, post-transcriptional gene silencing and fatty-acid amide signalling. A frequently reported mutation in TACR3 for idiopathic hypogonatrophic hypogonadism (p.W275X) is associated with 1.25-year-later menarche (P=2.8 × 10(-11)), illustrating the utility of population studies to estimate the penetrance of reportedly pathogenic mutations. Collectively, these novel variants explain ∼0.5% variance, indicating that these overlooked sources of variation do not substantially explain the 'missing heritability' of this complex trait.UK sponsors (see article for overseas ones): This work made use of data and samples generated by the 1958 Birth Cohort (NCDS). Access to these resources was enabled via the 58READIE Project funded by Wellcome Trust and Medical Research Council (grant numbers WT095219MA and G1001799). A full list of the financial, institutional and personal contributions to the development of the 1958 Birth Cohort Biomedical resource is available at http://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/birthcohort. Genotyping was undertaken as part of the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium (WTCCC) under Wellcome Trust award 076113, and a full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the data is available at www.wtccc.org.uk ... The Fenland Study is funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council, as well as by the Support for Science Funding programme and CamStrad. ... SIBS - CRUK ref: C1287/A8459 SEARCH - CRUK ref: A490/A10124 EMBRACE is supported by Cancer Research UK Grants C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563 and C1287/A17523. Genotyping was supported by Cancer Research - UK grant C12292/A11174D and C8197/A16565. Gareth Evans and Fiona Lalloo are supported by an NIHR grant to the Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester. The Investigators at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust are supported by an NIHR grant to the Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust. Ros Eeles and Elizabeth Bancroft are supported by Cancer Research UK Grant C5047/A8385. ... Generation Scotland - Scottish Executive Health Department, Chief Scientist Office, grant number CZD/16/6. Exome array genotyping for GS:SFHS was funded by the Medical Research Council UK. 23andMe - This work was supported in part by NIH Award 2R44HG006981-02 from the National Human Genome Research Institute.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from NPG via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms875

Budżetowanie działalności jednostek gospodarczych Teoria i praktyka. Część V

Z wprowadzenia: "Przekazujemy do rąk Czytelników część monografii dotyczącej budżetowania jednostek gospodarczych. Jej przygotowanie zbiegło się z ukazaniem się manifestu Precz z budżetami Jeremiego Норе’а i Robina Frasera. Autorzy poddają tam ostrej krytyce dotychczasowe praktyki stosowania budżetowania kosztowego. Stąd niniejsza publikacja - między innymi - dlatego różni się istotnie od poprzednich. Od pewnego czasu - także w Polsce - pojawiały się głosy wskazujące na istotne niedoskonałości budżetowania kosztowego, na przykład J. Gierusz [Materiały konferencyjne 2001], G. H. Świderska [Rachunkowośćzarządcza i rachunek kosztów, 2002]. Nie odnosiły one jednak skutku. Nie zauważono też dotąd narastającej listy zarzutów wytaczanych przeciw finansowym jednostkom miary stosowanym w budżetowaniu kosztowym, na przykład G. K. Świderska [jak wyżej], M. Sierpińska, B. Niedbała [Controllingoperacyjny wpnedsiębiorstwie, 2003]. Bez echa pozostało postawione przez autora pytanie: „zmierzch czy rozwój budżetowania?” [„Controlling i rachunkowość zarządcza” 9/2002], gdzie jednoznacznie wskazano, że budżetowanie kosztowe obejmuje jedynie jedną sferę działalności przedsiębiorstwa i tym samym nie może stanowić wystarczającej podstawy do sterowania przedsiębiorstwem. Zwolennicy budżetowania kosztowego nawet zgadzali się ze stawianymi zarzutami, jednak nie reagowali na propozycje zmian w filozofii i metodologii budżetowania."(...

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

Memories - Mgr Tadeusz Rydzewski (1925-2022)

Wspomnienie - Mgr Tadeusz Rydzewski (1925-2022)Zastępca Dyrektora ds. Hodowli w Zakładzie Doświadczalnym w Strzelcach w latach 1970-1990Memories - Mgr Tadeusz Rydzewski (1925-2022) Deputy Director for Breeding at the Experimental Station in Strzelce in the years 1970-199

Modern phenotypes of cereals for growing in areas endangered with drought

Rosnące zapotrzebowanie na żywność jak również uwarunkowania ekonomiczne stawiają przed hodowlą wymaganie ciągłego podnoszenia produktywności odmian wprowadzanych do uprawy. Zielona rewolucja zaowocowała wprowadzeniem form karłowatych i na półwiecze zdeterminowała mechanizmy podnoszenia plonowania przez zwiększanie indeksu plonowania (HI), które wraz z wysoką kulturą rolną pozwoliły na osiągnięcie plonów pszenicy wyższych niż 10 t/ha. Osiągnięto optymalną wielkość HI (dla pszenicy ≈ 0,64), tak więc potencjał plonowania związany z tym parametrem został wyczerpany i w związku z tym pojawiło się pytanie jakie fenotypy zbóż zagwarantują dalszy wzrost plonów w nadchodzących dekadach, dla których prognozowane jest zjawisko pogłębiającej się suszy glebowej. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki modelowania ideotypów pszenicy wygenerowanych w ośrodku badawczo-hodowlanym w Rothamsted (UK) przy użyciu mechanistycznego modelu Sirius rozszerzonego o algorytm ewolucyjny (GA-SA) i prognozy klimatyczne (HadCM3). Zarysowano biochemiczne i fizjologiczne uwarunkowania odporności roślin na suszę oraz poruszono zagadnienie efektywnego wykorzystania wody przez rośliny uprawne.The increasing food demand and economic conditions force constant increase of crop yield. Green revolution introduced dwarf forms and for five decades determined mechanisms of yield growth by increasing harvest index (HI) which, combined with advances in agricultural practices, resulted in wheat grain yield greater than 10 t/ha. The optimal HI level was reached (≈ 0.64 for wheat) thus exhausting yield potential related to this parameter. This initiated a search for new crop phenotypes which would guarantee continuing yield increase in the future decades in the prospect of increasing soil drought. In this article, the results of wheat ideotypes simulation generated by mechanistic Sirius model enhanced by evolutionary algorithm (GA-SA) and climate scenarios (HadCM3) are presented. They are discussed in the context of selection priorities in crop breeding in Poland. The biochemical and physiological factors determining plant drought resistance and efficient water use by cereal crops are also presented

Combining ability of the parental forms of the naked-grain oats (Avena sativa var. nuda) based on evaluation of several traits.

Combining ability of the varieties and strains of the naked-grain oat  was evaluated on the basis of the following traits: number of days to first heading, plant height and grain yield per plot. Six hundred and thirty nine strains of naked-grain oats were included involving F4-F8 generations over 5 years. Those strains were the progeny of 25 crossbreeding combinations of 9 testers with 13 varieties. The analysis of the variance in a hierarchic scheme showed highly significant values of the mean squares for years, testers, varieties and combinations for all the traits. The values of combining ability for testers, varieties and combinations of naked-grain oat were calculated. The results enabled to distinguish a group of naked-grain oat varieties, which effectively transferred the desirable traits to progeny: heading, shorter straw and high yield. The promising combinations for early heading were: Konradin × (Fl. nova × Swan mutant), and Caesar × (Płatek × Swan mutant), and for a higher grain yield Adam × Maro

A hybrid of cultivated oat with the wild species Avena macrostachya as a source of new variation for yield quality improvement in naked oats

Ród 5T8.33 otrzymany jako mieszaniec owsa ozimego z Avena macrostachya był badany w doświadczeniach polowych na poletkach 5 m2 , w czterech miejscowościach, w latach 2012 i 2013. W porównaniu z wzorcową odmianą Siwek ród miał lepsze średnie oceny kilku istotnych cech. Łączył w sobie wysokie i stabilne wartości masy tysiąca ziaren (MTZ = 32,7 g, 139,2% wzorca), zawartości w ziarnie białka (18,8%, 112% wzorca) i stosunkowo wysokiej zawartości włókna (7,0%, 117,9% wzorca) ze znacznie mniejszym udziałem w plonie ziarna oplewionego (4,0% w stosunku do 16,9% u wzorca) i z dobrą odpornością na wyleganie i rdzę koronową. W przeciwieństwie do odmiany wzorcowej, wysokie parametry jakości plonu nie były negatywnie skorelowane z plonem. Potencjał plonowania był również wysoki, ale stabilność plonowania niska. Dyskutowana jest przydatność rodu jako źródła nowej zmienności dla hodowli owsa.The naked oat strain 5T8.33, derived from wide crosses between winter oats and Avena macrostachya, was investigated in field trials, on 5 m2 plots, in four locations, in the years 2012 and 2013. In relation to the standard naked oat cultivar Siwek the strain showed better average scores for several important characters. High and stable values of thousand kernels mass (TKM = 32.7 g, 139.2% of the standard), grain protein content (18.8%, 112% of the standard), dietary fibre content (7.0%, 117.9% of the standard), resistances to lodging and to crown rust were combined with low contamination with husked grain (4.0% in relation to 16.9% in the standard). Contrary to the Siwek cultivar, the high grain quality parameters were not negatively correlated with yield. The yield potential was also high, but its stability was low. Usefulness of the strain as a source of new variation is discussed for application in oat breeding

The use of multifactorial analysis of variance in estimation of winter hardiness of winter wheat strains

Celem pracy było poznanie wpływu różnych czynników ilościowych i jakościowych takich jak; temperatury stycznia i lutego, pochodzenia genetycznego i geograficznego rodów pszenicy ozimej na ich przezimowanie w doświadczeniach polowych w 2009–2010 roku, przeprowadzonych w 3 miejscowościach. W celu wyjaśnienia wpływu badanych czynników na przezimowanie przeprowadzono wieloczynnikową analizę wariancji (ANOVA), która umożliwiała wyjaśnienie skomplikowanych relacji uwzględniających równocześnie wpływ wielu czynników (zmiennych) na konkretną cechę (zmienną). Materiałem badawczym były 2 serie doświadczeń polowych z 133 rodami pszenicy ozimej wysianej jesienią 2009 roku w 7 miejscowościach; Dębinie, Polanowicach, Kobierzycach, Nagradowicach, Smolicach, Strzelcach i Szelejewie. W 3 miejscowościach; Debinie, Smolicach i Strzelcach wykonano wiosną 2010 roku ocenę przezimowania skali od 1 do 9 stopni, w której 1 oznacza słabe przezimowanie, a 9 — bardzo dobre. Zostały one sklasyfikowane jako zmienna ilościowa zależna. Czynnikami objaśniającymi ilościowymi były minimalne wartości temperatury w styczniu i lutym, natomiast zmiennymi klasyfikującymi; podział na 2 serie, pochodzenie genetyczne i geograficzne rodów. Obliczenia wykonano na danych nietransformowanych. Przyjęto mieszany model analizy wariancji. Do obliczeń zastosowano wieloczynnikową analizę wariancji wykorzystując procedurę GLM w Systemie SAS® 9.13. Analiza wariancji ujawniła wysoce istotny średni kwadrat odchyleń dla przyjętego modelu. Stwierdzono istotny wpływ 3 badanych czynników; poziomu temperatury miesiąca lutego, genetycznego (obiekty) i geograficznego (pochodzenia) na poziom przezimowania badanych rodów pszenicy ozimej. Nie stwierdzono istotnej interakcji pomiędzy badanymi czynnikami.The study aimed at recognition in the influence of some quantitative and qualitative factors, viz. temperatures in January and February, genetic and geographical origin, on winter survival of winter wheat strains at three locations in the 2009–2010 season. The applied procedure of multifactorial variance analysis enabled explanation of simultaneous complex relations between the factors and winter hardiness (dependent variable). The analysis based on two series of field experiments with 133 wheat strains sown in 7 locations, the variation was observed in three ones: Dębina, Smolice and Strzelce. The survival was scored with the 1–9 scale (9 was the best). The minimal temperatures of January and February formed the quantitative explanatory variables while the two series and the genetic and geographical origin constituted the classifying variables. The calculations were performed on the non-transformed data, conformably to the mixed-model ANOVA, using the GLM procedure of the SAS® 9.13 system. The mean square deviation for the applied model was highly significant. The influence of three factors: minimum temperature of February, genetic origin (the objects) and geographical origin (breeding stations) proved to be significant. No significant interaction between the factors was stated