Die Niederlassung römischer Geschäftsleute in der Peloponnes

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Die Niederlassung römischer Geschäftsleute in der Peloponnes

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The Composition of the Peloponnesian Elites in the Roman period and the Evolution of their Resistance and Approach to the Roman Rulers

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The Composition of the Peloponnesian Elites in the Roman period and the Evolution of their Resistance and Approach to the Roman Rulers

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Hellanodiken außerhalb von Olympia

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Hellanodiken außerhalb von Olympia

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Super-heavy fermion material as metallic refrigerant for adiabatic demagnetization cooling

Low-temperature refrigeration is of crucial importance in fundamental research of condensed matter physics, as the investigations of fascinating quantum phenomena, such as superconductivity, superfluidity and quantum criticality, often require refrigeration down to very low temperatures. Currently, cryogenic refrigerators with $^3$He gas are widely used for cooling below 1 Kelvin. However, usage of the gas is being increasingly difficult due to the current world-wide shortage. Therefore, it is important to consider alternative methods of refrigeration. Here, we show that a new type of refrigerant, super-heavy electron metal, YbCo$_2$Zn$_{20}$, can be used for adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration, which does not require 3He gas. A number of advantages includes much better metallic thermal conductivity compared to the conventional insulating refrigerants. We also demonstrate that the cooling performance is optimized in Yb$_{1-x}$Sc$_x$Co$_2$Zn$_{20}$ by partial Sc substitution with $x\sim$0.19. The substitution induces chemical pressure which drives the materials close to a zero-field quantum critical point. This leads to an additional enhancement of the magnetocaloric effect in low fields and low temperatures enabling final temperatures well below 100 mK. Such performance has up to now been restricted to insulators. Since nearly a century the same principle of using local magnetic moments has been applied for adiabatic demagnetization cooling. This study opens new possibilities of using itinerant magnetic moments for the cryogen-free refrigeration

The exploitation of local resources of Western Greece by Roman entrepreneurs (3rd -1st c. BC)

Romans and Italiote Greeks are attested to have been active in various areas of the Western part of the Greek peninsula and on the islands of the Ionian Sea as early as the 3rd c. BC, long before the formation of the provinces of Macedonia and Achaia. If we ignore Roman magistrates and a few proxenoi of Greek poleis, whose exact relationship with the poleis – beyond conventional diplomatic contacts – is in most cases unclear, it is obvious that the motivation that drove these Westerners eastwards was economic. The nature of their activity is to be either seen in the context of commercial interchange between both sides of Adriatic, which is regularly attested as early as the Geometric period onwards, or it is to be connected with the exploitation of local resources, which were different in each of these regions. Yet tangible professions or occupations of these individuals are not often mentioned in the sources. Terms defining such occupations are sometimes more or less concrete, such as unguentarius, engaiountes, but in other cases they are general and include various capacities related to certain activities, as, for example, the term negotiatus or negotiator. There are also cases in which the activities of the foreign settlers are totally unknown or have to be guessed at through indirect references in the sources. Furthermore, we attempt to trace possible occupations in the light of the economic opportunities available in each locality. All these cases are to be considered when studying the evidence from the area in question, that is, Western Greece from the Ambraciot Gulf to Cape Tainaron, including the adjacent islands. Research into such matters might function as a basis for a further study of the role of Roman and Italiot entrepreneurs in the economic and social life of the Greek poleis in the area in question and of their role in the economic network of western entrepreneurs located in the Eastern Mediterranean.Zoumbaki Sophia. The exploitation of local resources of Western Greece by Roman entrepreneurs (3rd -1st c. BC). In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 90, fasc. 1, 2012. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 77-92

Ρωμαιοι έγγαιουντες. Römische Grundbesitzer in Elis

Infolge der römischen Eroberung des hellenistischen Ostens lieBen sich schon im 2. Jh. v. Chr. römische Geschäftsleute dauerhaft in griechischen Orten nieder und bildeten dort eine Gemeinschaft, die sich meist conventus civium Romanorum bzw. (...) oder ähnlich nannte l. In einer andersartigen und deshalb problematischen Form treten die Römer bisher nur in der peloponnesischen Landschaft Eleia auf

Zur Funktion des Neaniskarchen in den Städten des östlichen Teils des römischen Kaiserreiches

ZOUMBAKI Sophia. Zur Funktion des Neaniskarchen in den Städten des östlichen Teils des römischen Kaiserreiches. In: Histoire, espaces et marges de l'Antiquité : hommages à Monique Clavel-Lévêque. Tome 3. Besançon : Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité, 2004. pp. 193-212. (Collection « ISTA », 934