«OSMNICHEE» AND «OSMENNIK» IN MEDIEVAL RUSSIA: TO THE QUESTION OF CONSTRUCTION OF CONCEPTS IN RUSSIAN HISTORICAL SCIENCE OF THE 19th CENTURY

Цель. Статья посвящена истории конструирования понятий «осмничее» и «осменник» в русской исторической науке XIX в. В современной историографии содержание этих понятий является предметом дискуссии. Средневековая терминология таможенного дела являлась предметом изучения, по крайней мере, четырех поколений русских историков XIX в. (Н.М. Карамзин; Ю.А. Гагемейстер; Д.А. Толстой, Е.Г. Осокин, И.Д. Беляев, С.М. Соловьев; В.О. Ключевский, В.И. Сергеевич, С.А. Шумаков). Автор ставит целью выявить этапы и оценить исследовательские подходы конструирования исторических понятий, соответствующие им приемы, связанные с именами историков разных поколений.Метод или методология проведения работы. Характер данных, которыми располагали историки XIX в. при конструировании понятий «осмничее» и «осменник» привел их к необходимости выдвижения гипотез и систем гипотез, которые восполняли недостающие в источниках звенья объяснения. При оценке убедительности аргументации, лежащей в основе реконструкции понятий, необходимо отличать прямые показания источника от гипотез, основанных на эмпирическом материале источников и дающих убедительное и простое объяснение используемым показаниям, и, наконец, от догадок, т.е. предположений о факте, который мог происходить. В основу исследования положен историко-сравнительный метод.Результаты. Автор выявил и реконструировал применяемые историками приемы построения гипотез, и основанных на них догадок, которые со временем превратились в «исторические факты». Конструирование содержания понятий «осмничее» и «осменник» от поколения к поколению историков все более отдалялось от эмпирических данных источников, и все более основывалось на историографической традиции. Выявленный нами механизм конструирования понятий «осмничее» и «осменник», и составляющие его приемы характеризуют определенный этап позитивистской исторической науки в России.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в сфере преподавания истории таможенного дела и таможенной политики России, экономической истории, истории налогообложения.Purpose. The Article is devoted to history of constructing of concepts “osmnichee” and “osmennik” in the Russian historical science of the 19th century. In contemporary historiography, the content of these concepts is the subject of debate. Medieval terminology of customs affairs was an object for study, at least, of four generations of the Russian historians of the 19th century (N.M. Karamzin; Y.A. Gagemeister; D.A. Tolstoy, E.G. Osokin, I.D. Belyaev, S.M. Soloviev, V.O. Klyuchevsky, V.I. Sergeevich, S.A. Shumakov). The author sets as the purpose to reveal stages and to estimate the research approaches to the construction of historical concepts, corresponding to them methods, linked with names of historians of different generations.Methodology. The character of data, which historians of the 19th century had, when designing concepts “osmnichee” and “osmennik”, had led them to the necessity of putting forward hypotheses and the systems of hypotheses which filled lacking in sources links of explanation.When assessing the persuasiveness of the argumentation underlying the reconstruction of concepts, it is necessary to distinguish the direct indications of the source from hypotheses based on the empirical material of the sources and provide a convincing and simple explanation for the indications used, and, finally, from the guesswork, i.e. assumptions about the fact that could have occurred. The research is based on the historical-comparative method.Results. The author has identified and reconstructed the methods used by historians to construct hypotheses, and the conjectures based on them, which eventually turned into “historical facts”. The construction of the content of the concepts “osmnichee “ and “osmennik” from generation to generation of historians was increasingly alienated from the empirical data of sources, and was increasingly based on the historiographical tradition. The mechanism of constructing the concepts “osmnichee” and “osmennik”, and the methods that make up it, characterize a certain stage of positivistic historical science in Russia.Practical implications. Results of the research can be applied in the sphere of teaching history of customs affairs and customs policy of Russia, economic history, taxation history

Shaping responsible consumption patterns

The article provides analysis of sustainable consumption concepts in order to identify the existing and emerging patterns of responsible consumption within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. Based on the analysis of scientific publications, patterns of responsible consumption were listed and then were used for an online survey of 600 young active consumers about their understanding of and attitude to responsible consumption. The main driver of responsible consumption is saving, limiting unnecessary spending. Among the forms of responsible consumption, those associated with saving of resources and the limitation of the number of purchased goods also prevail. Consumers are not ready to pay more for responsible consumption ‒ the increase in costs is the main barrier. Consumers are willing to exercise responsible consumption if it helps reduce costs by consuming fewer resources and goods and make purchases at an affordable price

A Model of Fuel and Energy Sector Contribution to Economic Growth

The study examined the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the fuel and energy sector and related industries on economic growth in response to the debates on FDI's impact on economic growth being positive (government officials and policymakers) or negative (the World Bank, some researchers). The hypothesis that a significant relationship is present between the Russian Federation GDP and gross FDI in Fuel and Energy Sector (fuels and non-fuels fossils mining, coke and petrochemicals production, rubber and plastic production, and energy supply) is introduced and validated by using a regression model. The derived model tests changes of regression results patterns of the Russian GDP against FDI in energy-related industries in different periods 1998-2004 and 2010-2017. GDP is assessed in five different measures: current US dollars, international US dollars (purchasing power parity), growth rates of the former and the latter, and physical growth index. It was concluded that, to a greater extent, economic growth is influenced by foreign investment in energy supply and petrochemical production in the both periods. Increased investment in power generation also contributes to economic growth, while other constituents of the sector, including mining, have a statistically insignificant or even retarding effect on economic growth, thus evidencing in favor of the World Bank's criticism towards FDI. Policy implications of the findings prove the necessity to introduce structural changes intended to redirect capital flows from oil and gas to prevent from economic growth deterioration in the long-term perspective. Keywords: Economic growth; Foreign Direct Investment; Fuel and energy sector JEL Classifications: C3, O4, Q43 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.784

Transport of bound quasiparticle states in a two-dimensional boundary superfluid

The B phase of superfluid 3He can be cooled into the pure superfluid regime, where the thermal quasiparticle density is negligible. The bulk superfluid is surrounded by a quantum well at the boundaries of the container, confining a sea of quasiparticles with energies below that of those in the bulk. We can create a non-equilibrium distribution of these states within the quantum well and observe the dynamics of their motion indirectly. Here we show that the induced quasiparticle currents flow diffusively in the two-dimensional system. Combining this with a direct measurement of energy conservation, we conclude that the bulk superfluid 3He is effectively surrounded by an independent two-dimensional superfluid, which is isolated from the bulk superfluid but which readily interacts with mechanical probes. Our work shows that this two-dimensional quantum condensate and the dynamics of the surface bound states are experimentally accessible, opening the possibility of engineering two-dimensional quantum condensates of arbitrary topology

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in root s(NN)=2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions

We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as nu(ch)(2) (jet). Jet finding is performed employing the anti-k(T) algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero nu(ch)(2) (jet) is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50% centrality) for 20 <p(T)(ch) (jet) <90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the nu(2) of single charged particles at high p(T). Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe

Event-shape engineering for inclusive spectra and elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV

Peer reviewe