Patrones, modelos y similitud de la distribución espacial de Iryanthera spp (Myristicaceae) en el Neotrópico

The study of the distribution of the species is important as basic information for contribution in its conservation, for which in the present work the objectives were: to determine the patterns of distribution, to elaborate the spatial models of distribution and to evaluate the difference of the distribution of the 22 species of Iryanthera in the Neotropics (from southern Costa Rica to northern Bolivia); as a null hypothesis it was proposed that the distribution of the Iryanthera species were equal. The distribution patterns of the Iryanthera species were carried out with the exploratory data analysis with the nearest neighbor test; species distribution models were made with the maximum entropy model in the Maxent program; and the similarity of the distribution of the species was elaborated with the Bray-Curtis similarity cluster analysis with Wardis union and the similarity analysis (ANOSIM). The data source corresponded to 5161 individuals found in the herbaria AMAZ, HH, MOL, USM (Peru), INPA (Brazil), COL and HUA (Colombia); information on the internet of herbaria; sampling in the Peruvian Amazon forest; and scientific publications. Almost all Iryanthera species have the clustered distribution pattern (81.8%, p-value <0.001). Species distribution models present five types: 1. Species that are distributed only in the Caribbean. 2.- The species that are distributed approximately towards the center of the Amazon. 3.- The species are distributed in the central west of the Amazon. 4.- Species that are widely distributed in the Amazon. And 5. The species that is distributed towards the extreme East of the Amazon. Several species have different distribution patterns and others are the same, so the null hypothesis is rejected.El estudio de la distribución de las especies es importante como información base para contribución en su conservación, por lo cual en el presente trabajo los objetivos fueron: determinar los patrones de distribución, elaborar los modelos espaciales de distribución y evaluar la diferencia de la distribución de las 22 especies de Iryanthera en el Neotrópico (desde el Sur de Costa Rica hasta el Norte de Bolivia); como hipótesis nula se propuso que la distribución de las especies de Iryanthera eran iguales. Los patrones de distribución de las especies de Iryanthera se realizó con el análisis exploratorio de datos con la prueba del vecino más cercano; los modelos de distribución de especies se realizaron con el modelo de máxima entropía en el programa Maxent; y la similitud de la distribución de las especies se elaboró con el análisis de agrupamiento de similitud de Bray-Curtis con unión de Wardis y el análisis similitud (ANOSIM). La fuente de los datos correspondió a 5161 individuos que se encuentran en los herbarios AMAZ, HH, MOL, USM (Perú), INPA (Brasil), COL y HUA (Colombia); información en internet de los herbarios; muestreo en el bosque de la Amazonía peruana; y publicaciones científicas. Casi todas las especies de Iryanthera tienen el patrón de distribución de agrupadas (81.8%, p-value <0.001). Los modelos de distribución de las especies, presenta cinco tipos: 1. Las especies que se distribuyen solamente en el Caribe. 2.- Las especies que se distribuyen aproximadamente hacia el centro de la Amazonía. 3.- Las especies se distribuyen en el centro Oeste de la Amazonía. 4.- Especies que están ampliamente distribuidos en la Amazonía. Y 5. La especie que se distribuye hacia el extremo Este de la Amazonía. Varias especies tienen modelos de distribución diferentes y otras son iguales, por lo cual se rechaza la hipótesis nula.O estudo da distribuição das espécies é importante como informação básica para contribuição em sua conservação, para os quais no presente trabalho os objetivos foram: determinar os padrões de distribuição, elaborar os modelos espaciais de distribuição e avaliar a diferença do distribuição das 22 espécies de Iryanthera na região Neotropical (do sul da Costa Rica ao norte da Bolívia); como hipótese nula foi proposto que a distribuição das espécies de Iryanthera fosse igual. Os padrões de distribuição das espécies de Iryanthera foram realizados com a análise exploratória dos dados com o teste do vizinho mais próximo; modelos de distribuição de espécies foram feitos com o modelo de entropia máxima no programa Maxent; e a similaridade da distribuição das espécies foi elaborada com a análise de agrupamento de similaridade de Bray-Curtis com a união de Wardis e a análise de similaridade (ANOSIM). A fonte de dados correspondeu a 5161 indivíduos encontrados nos herbários AMAZ, HH, MOL, USM (Peru), INPA (Brasil), COL e HUA (Colômbia); informações na internet de herbários; amostragem na floresta amazônica peruana; e publicações científicas. Quase todas as espécies de Iryanthera têm o padrão de distribuição agrupado (81,8%, valor p <0,001). Os modelos de distribuição de espécies apresentam cinco tipos: 1. Espécies que são distribuídas apenas no Caribe. 2.- As espécies que se distribuem aproximadamente em direção ao centro da Amazônia. 3.- As espécies estão distribuídas no centro-oeste da Amazônia. 4.- Espécies amplamente distribuídas na Amazônia. E 5. A espécie que se distribui em direção ao extremo leste da Amazônia. Várias espécies têm padrões de distribuição diferentes e outras são iguais, então a hipótese nula é rejeitada

Understanding different dominance patterns in western Amazonian forests

Dominance of neotropical tree communities by a few species is widely documented, but dominant trees show a variety of distributional patterns still poorly understood. Here, we used 503 forest inventory plots (93,719 individuals ≥2.5 cm diameter, 2609 species) to explore the relationships between local abundance, regional frequency and spatial aggregation of dominant species in four main habitat types in western Amazonia. Although the abundance-occupancy relationship is positive for the full dataset, we found that among dominant Amazonian tree species, there is a strong negative relationship between local abundance and regional frequency and/or spatial aggregation across habitat types. Our findings suggest an ecological trade-off whereby dominant species can be locally abundant (local dominants) or regionally widespread (widespread dominants), but rarely both (oligarchs). Given the importance of dominant species as drivers of diversity and ecosystem functioning, unravelling different dominance patterns is a research priority to direct conservation efforts in Amazonian forests.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Taller de Instrumento I - MS197 - 202102

Taller de Instrumento I es un curso práctico dirigido a los estudiantes de segundo ciclo de la carrera de música. Se dicta de manera individual y se fundamenta en la ejecución de un instrumento musical a partir de la aplicación de elementos teóricos del lenguaje musical tales como el ritmo, melodía y armonía profundizando en 1las escalas y triadas, el ejercicio de la lectura musical instrumental, y la interpretación de géneros musicales peruanos y contemporáneos. El estudiante puede escoger uno de los siguientes instrumentos que ofrece la carrera: guitarra, voz, batería, percusión, piano, bajo, violín, trompeta, trombón, saxofón. El curso se dicta en nivel 1 y trabaja una competencia específica: Destreza musical sobre el instrumento, tiene como prerrequisito el curso Clínica y Ensamble y es requisito para Taller de Instrumento II. El propósito del curso es dar al estudiante una base sólida para la ejecución instrumental, a partir del trabajo técnico, desarrollo de un repertorio y aplicación de los fundamentos musicales en distintos géneros musicales contemporáneos

Understanding different dominance patterns in western Amazonian forests

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Dominance of neotropical tree communities by a few species is widely documented, but dominant trees show a variety of distributional patterns still poorly understood. Here, we used 503 forest inventory plots (93,719 individuals ≥ 2.5 cm diameter, 2,609 species) to explore the relationships between local abundance, regional frequency, and spatial aggregation of dominant species in four main habitat types in western Amazonia. Contrary to the widely supported positive abundance-occupancy relationship in ecology, we found that among dominant Amazonian tree species, there is a strong negative relationship between local abundance and regional frequency and/or spatial aggregation across habitat types. Our findings suggest an ecological trade-off whereby dominant species can be locally abundant (local dominants) or regionally widespread (widespread dominants), but rarely both (oligarchs). Given the importance of dominant species as drivers of diversity and ecosystem functioning, unraveling different dominance patterns is a research priority to direct conservation efforts in Amazonian forests.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Funding provided by: Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness&lt;br&gt;Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/034900433&lt;br&gt;Award Number: CGL2016–75414–P&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Funding provided by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación&lt;br&gt;Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/05r0vyz12&lt;br&gt;Award Number: PID2019-105064GB-I00&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Funding provided by: Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness&lt;br&gt;Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/034900433&lt;br&gt;Award Number: CGL2015-72431-EXP&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;We used data from 503 forest inventory plots spread across western Amazonia, from Colombia to Bolivia. A total of 363 plots had an area of 0.1 ha, 134 plots were smaller than 0.1 ha (range from 0.025 to 0.08 ha), and 6 plots were larger (range from 0.128 to 0.213 ha). Plots are included in the RedGentry network&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Across all plots, we measured stems with a diameter at breast height ≥ 2.5 cm within the plot limits. &lt;span&gt;Plots covered the main four habitat types in western Amazonia: 383 in terra firme (76%), 54 in floodplain (11%), 35 in swamp (7%) and 31 in white sand (6%) forests.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;We excluded all individuals not identified to species level (mean 14% of individuals per plot), since plot data came from different projects and morphospecies were not cross-checked. We also excluded individuals from doubtful identifications, e.g. 'cf.' and 'aff.' (mean 3% of individuals per plot). To the remaining individuals, we checked species names for synonym and spelling mistakes, using the R package 'Taxonstand'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Identifications that were difficult to designate to a species were considered morphospecies and were also removed. Finally, we cross-checked our species names list against the most recent checklists of Amazonian species&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Species not found in these checklists (635 species) were compared with collection records in the Tropicos database, and were excluded because: 572 species of them were growth forms not consistently included in all datasets (epiphytes, lianas, herbs and ferns), 25 were illegitimate Amazonian species with ranges outside of our region and 38 species were considered wrong identifications because they do not have recorded collection since their descriptions. After these filters, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2,609 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;species and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;93,719 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;individuals remained available for our analyses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Since plot size varied among datasets, we transformed abundances into relative abundances (i.e., number of individuals per species/total individuals per plot). Then, we defined dominant species as those species that together accounted for 50% of the total relative abundance of all individual trees in each habitat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. We analyzed separately dominant species by habitat type.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Since our plots are not evenly distributed in space, identifying dominant species considering all plots in each habitat type could favor the selection of spatially clumped species. To explore the effect of this potential bias, we divided our study area into equal 100 x 100 km squares, and we extracted 100 random subsamples from the complete set of plots in each habitat type drawing one plot from each square each time. We identified dominant species in the complete dataset and each subsample.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;To test the relationship between local abundance and regional frequency of dominant species by habitat type, we built beta regression models with a logit link function. We used the mean local relative abundance of each dominant species as the dependent variable and both the regional relative frequency and the habitat type as predictors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;We built species-level rank abundance distribution graphs within each habitat type to explore if local abundance in each plot of each dominant species gave similar information that their mean local abundance. We&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; conducted these analyses for: i) the complete dataset, including all plots of each habitat type; and ii) for the 100 subsamples. We further wanted to explore how the tendency changed adding sequentially rarer species. Therefore, we conducted the same analyses for species that account for 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92.5%, 95%, 97.2% and 100% of the total relative abun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;dance.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;To study the relative spatial aggregation of species, we analyzed the co-dominance of each species at each spatial extent and habitat. To do so, we calculated the F index related to each geographical distance between plots to all species and relativized these values to the community-level aggregation curve. &lt;/p&gt

Understanding different dominance patterns in western Amazonian forests (all versions - software)

Dominance of neotropical tree communities by a few species is widely documented, yet the different pathways that Amazonian plants follow to achieve dominance remain poorly understood. Here, we used 503 forest inventory plots (93,719 individuals ≥ 2.5 cm diameter, 2,609 species) to explore the relationships between local abundance, regional frequency, and spatial aggregation of dominant species across habitats in western Amazonia. Contrary to the well-supported abundance-occupancy relationship, we found that among dominant Amazonian tree species, there is a strong negative relationship between local abundance and regional frequency/spatial aggregation across habitat types. Our findings suggest an ecological trade-off whereby dominant species can allocate resources to being locally abundant (local dominants) or regionally widespread (widespread dominants), but rarely both (oligarchs). Given the importance of dominant species as drivers of diversity and ecosystem functioning, unraveling different modes of dominance is a research priority to direct conservation efforts in Amazonian forests

Externado de Medicina Interna - ME212 - 202101

Curso de la carrera de medicina, de carácter teórico-práctico del ciclo 9, en el que los estudiantes presentan una historia clínica con su respectivo plan diagnóstico, terapéutico y de procedimientos en un paciente con una condición médica, a través de la realización de actividades de simulación y metodología activa. El curso del externado de medicina interna busca desarrollar la competencia general de comunicación escrita (nivel 3) y las competencias específicas de práctica clínica-diagnóstico(nivel 3) y profesionalismo-sentido ético y legal y responsabilidad profesional(nivel 3). El externado de medicina al estudiante le permitirá plantear un adecuado tratamiento y plan de trabajo según el diagnóstico de los principales problemas médicos que le servirá en su futura vida profesional

Understanding different dominance patterns in western Amazonian forests

Dominance of neotropical tree communities by a few species is widely documented, but dominant trees show a variety of distributional patterns still poorly understood. Here, we used 503 forest inventory plots (93,719 individuals ≥ 2.5 cm diameter, 2,609 species) to explore the relationships between local abundance, regional frequency, and spatial aggregation of dominant species in four main habitat types in western Amazonia. Contrary to the widely supported positive abundance-occupancy relationship in ecology, we found that among dominant Amazonian tree species, there is a strong negative relationship between local abundance and regional frequency and/or spatial aggregation across habitat types. Our findings suggest an ecological trade-off whereby dominant species can be locally abundant (local dominants) or regionally widespread (widespread dominants), but rarely both (oligarchs). Given the importance of dominant species as drivers of diversity and ecosystem functioning, unraveling different dominance patterns is a research priority to direct conservation efforts in Amazonian forests

Amazon tree dominance across forest strata

International audienc

Clínica Integrada - ME210 - 202101

Curso de especialidad, de la carrera de medicina, de carácter teórico- práctico del ciclo 7, en el que los estudiantes integran conocimientos previos con la anamnesis, el examen físico y establecen el diagnostico por síndromes o problemas y el plan de trabajo. El curso de Clínica integrada busca desarrollar las competencias generales de comunicación escrita y comunicación oral(nivel 2) y las competencias específicas de práctica clínica-diagnóstico (nivel 2) y profesionalismo-sentido ético y legal y responsabilidad profesional(nivel 2). La integración de conocimientos en la historia clínica, permitirá al estudiante, plantear un adecuado diagnóstico, plan de trabajo para la atención de su futuro paciente