The UL(3)×UR(3)U_L(3) \times U_R(3) Extended Nambu--Jona-Lasinio Model in Differential Regularization

We employ the method of differential regularization to calculate explicitly the one-loop effective action of a bosonized $U_L(3)\times U_R(3)$ extended Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model consisting of scalar, pseudoscalar, vector and axial vector fields.Comment: LaTeX, 17 page

以生物多樣性指標評估集水區崩塌地治理優選順序

The abundance of endemic species in Taiwan is a great natural treasure accomplished by a diverse altitude ranges due to violent tectonic activities and humid tropical weather conditions with ocean surrounded. With the characteristics of few flatlands, the slope lands are inevitable and have been developed for economic and social requirement gradually, which has caused habitation shrinking of animal and plant. Furthermore, Taiwan also suffers disasters such as striking of torrential rains and typhoons during summer season annually, and is vulnerable to landslide because of fragile geology which threats to the living things. Thus, to enhance the efficiency of vegetation recovery in landslide area can benefit the habitats of species. Typhoon Morakot induced landslides and vegetation recovery rate in Kao-Ping watershed can be quickly extracted and/or derived from the satellite images in this study. The biodiversity index established in the database of the watershed can then be applied to assess the treatment priority of landslides. The result shows that the highest landslide rate in Chi-Shan and Lao-Nong watersheds are Xiao-Lin and Ching-Shui Xi sub-watersheds respectively. For vegetation recovery rate, the downstream area is higher than upstream area. For treatment priority, the top 10 of sub-watersheds almost distribute in Lao-Nong watershed. It hopes that the result could provide the related authorities as the references of environmental restoration.台灣雖位處北回歸線，但因造山運動拱起4,000 公尺海拔落差，使台灣物種跨越熱帶、溫帶及寒帶，且四面環海及高溫多雨之島嶼氣候，孕育出許多台灣特有種生物，然台灣因高山多、平地少，在高人口密度下，居民為了生活不得不開發山坡地之原始森林，此舉壓縮了動、植物之生存空間，此外，台灣山高且地質破碎，夏季之暴雨或颱風易造成大規模之崩塌，除對當地居民造成威脅外，亦影響其他物種之生存環境，為此，如何加速崩塌地之植生復育，將有助於恢復各物種之棲地。本研究以莫拉克風災為事件，利用該事件前後期之衛星影像萃取集水區崩塌區位，另計算災後集水區植生復育良窳之熱點區位，最後以生物多樣性指數配合崩塌率及植生復育率評估集水區崩塌地治理之優選順序。研究結果顯示，旗山溪及荖濃溪集水區中崩塌率最高之子集水區分別為小林及清水溪；植生復育率則為下游高於上游區位；整體崩塌地治理優先順序中，得分最高之前10 處主要分布於荖濃溪集水區。期本研究之結果可作為相關生態保育單位於環境復育之參考

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. METHODS: The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries-Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

A Research on Design for the Nanshanhsi Butterfly Reserve

南山溪流域是台灣重要的蝴蝶多樣性熱點區域，惟近年來受到人為開發及天然災變的影響，目前蝴蝶的種類與數量銳減。本研究使用地理資訊系統，結合蝶類的環境需求，規劃南山溪流域蝴蝶保護區。研究期間1999年2003年，紀錄南山溪流域之蝴蝶11科120種，寄主植物共32科84種，蜜源植物則有16科26種。本研究分析南山溪流域的人為干擾、蜜源植物、寄主植物、坡度、坡向等地形因子對蝶相之影響。結果顯示在南山溪流域地區，向南坡及坡度在20-40度之間的環境，蝴蝶種類與數量較多。蝴蝶在種類與數量上皆與鬱閉度、高度、距住宅區距離呈正相關(p<0.01)；而與路面的寬度有負相關(p<0.01)；蝴蝶種類與數量與蜜源植物及寄主植物的種類數量上並沒有顯著相關性。據上述因子，及應用地理資訊系統的疊圖、空間分析，依據蝴蝶的環境需求，建議南山溪流域中，重要的蝴蝶棲息地位置，應對這些重要的蝴蝶棲息區域進行保護措施。為使蝴蝶資源的保育能永續經營，本研究另建議在南山溪流域以核心區、緩衝區及過渡區，使得蝴蝶的保育工作能在地方落實，其中過渡區可供當地居民加以利用蝴蝶資源，希望未來能結合生態旅遊，使當地住民瞭解保護蝴蝶能帶來地方的繁榮。The Nan-San-hsi Watershed is one of the most important area of the butterfly diversity hotspots zone in Taiwan. However it has recently been affected by the artifical exploitations and natural disasters, and the number of butterfly species and quantities were obviously decreased. During the investigation, 132 species of butterflies in 11 families, 84 host-plants species in 32 families, and 26 nectar-palnts in 16 families were reco during the investigation. We used Regression to investigate the diversity and abundance of butterflies in relation to canopy coverings, elevations, distances to the river area, distances to the rural area, abundance of their nectar-plants, host-plants and aspects and slope of lands. The results showed that the butterflies preferred to inhabit the south-facing aspects and the slopes at 20-40°. The species and abundance were correlated significantly, positively with canopy coverings, elevations, distances to the rural area. There was no significant correlation between the diversity and abundance of the butterflies and distances to the river and the abundance of their nectar-plants and host-plants. The buffering and overlay in geographic information system (GIS) were taken to design butterfly reserve. We analysis how the artificial disturbances, nectar source plants, host plants, aspects, and slopes affect butterfly community at the Nan-San-Hsi Watershed.The results suggest butterflies prefer to south-facing aspects and slopes at 20-40 degrees. The species richness and total number of butterflies were positively correlated with canopy coverings, elevations, and distances to rural area (p<0.01), negatively correlated with road width (p<0.01) ; and have no relationship with nectar-plants and host-plants. According to the result, we used GIS to design a butterfly conservation plan for the Nan-San-hsi Watershed. We suggest three zones: recreation, buffer, and protecting zones. In the future, we hope to encourge local people by increasing their income from protecting butterflies for butterfly conservation combining the ecological tour.謝誌………………………………………………………………………………..i文摘要…………………………………………………………………………ii文摘要…………………………………………………………………………iii一章 緒言 1二章 研究地點、材料與方法 7.1 研究地點描述 7.2 調查方法 11三章 結果 15.1 南山溪的蝴蝶種類與數量 15.2 南山溪的寄主植物 25.3 南山溪的蜜源植物 37.4 蝴蝶種類、數量與環境變數的關係 45四章 討論 51.1 南山溪流域蝴蝶相組成 51.2 南山溪流域蝴蝶種類與生物因子的關係 57.3 南山溪流域蝴蝶與人為干擾因子的關係 65.4 南山溪流域蝴蝶與地貌因子的關係 75.5 南山溪流域蝴蝶保護區的規劃 83.6 南山溪流域蝴蝶保護區的保育策略 87五章 結論 93用文獻 95錄 107錄1. 本研究期間所發現的南山溪蝴蝶名錄 107錄2. 南山溪寄主植物 113錄3. 南山溪蜜源植物 119錄4. 南山溪流域及其鄰近地區蝴蝶名錄 121目錄 1. 本研究地點─南山溪流域位置。 9 2. 南山溪流域地形圖。 9 3. 南山溪流域坡度圖。 10 4. 南山溪流域坡向圖。 10 5 南山溪調查路線圖。 12 6. 南山溪流域蝴蝶各科蝶種數在樣站的分布情形。 17 7. 南山溪流域調查樣站各科蝴蝶數量分布情形。 18 8. 南山溪流域個調查樣站寄主植物在各樣站的分布。 27 9 南山溪流域各樣站影像作為鬱閉度估算(以魚眼鏡頭拍攝)。 44 10 蝴蝶種數與鬱閉度(a)、高度(b)、河川距離(c)、住宅距離(d)、蜜源植物種數(e)、寄主植物種數(f)的迴歸關係。 47 11 蝴蝶隻數與鬱閉度(a)、高度(b)、河川距離(c)、住宅距離(d)、蜜源植物種數(e)、寄主植物種數(f)的迴歸關係。 48 12 蝴蝶種數與坡向(a)和坡度(b)關係。 49 13 蝴蝶隻數與坡度(a)和坡向(b)關係圖。 50 14 南山溪流域1979、1989及1998三個時期的地景變化 55 15 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶種數與寄主植物的迴歸關係。 59 16 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶隻數與寄主植物的迴歸關係。 60 17 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶種數與蜜源植物的迴歸關係。 61 18 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶隻數與蜜源植物的迴歸關係。 62 19 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶種數與海拔高度的迴歸關係。 66 20 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶隻數與海拔高度的迴歸關係。 67 21 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶種數與鬱閉度的迴歸關係。 69 22 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶隻數與鬱閉度的迴歸關係。 70 23 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶種數與住宅距離的迴歸關係。 71 24 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶隻數與住宅距離的迴歸關係。 72 25 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶種數與坡度的迴歸關係。 76 26 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶隻數與坡度的迴歸關係。 77 27 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶種數與坡向的迴歸關係。 78 28 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶隻數與坡向的迴歸關係。 79 29 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶種數與河川距離的迴歸關係。 80 30 南山溪流域各科蝴蝶隻數與河川距離的迴歸關係。 81 31 利用坡度及坡向計算的求出南山溪流域蝴蝶重要性值區塊。 84 32 依據MAB建議，所規劃南山溪流域蝴蝶保護區範圍。 85目錄 1 世界主要產蝶國家的蝴蝶密度(種類數/每萬平方公里)比較 1 2 南山溪流域蝴蝶調查方法及測量因子之定義。 13 3 南山溪各樣站之環境因子及蝶種發生狀況表 43 4 南山溪流域與南投縣、台灣全島蝶種比較 5

Near-infrared-featured broadband CO2 reduction with water to hydrocarbons by surface plasmon

Changes in Polycomb repression during interphase transition modulate the ability of pluripotent cells to enter cell differentiation