Dissociation Quotients of Malonic Acid in Aqueous Sodium Chloride Media to 100°C1

The first and second molal dissociation quotients of malonic acid were measured potentiometrically in a concentration cell fitted with hydrogen electrodes. The hydrogen ion molality of malonic acidJbimalonate solutions was measured relative to a standard aqueous HCI solution from 0 to 100°C over 25° intervals at five ionic strengths ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 molal (NaCl). The molal dissociation quotients and available literature data were treated in the all anionic form by a seven-term equation. This treatment yielded the following thermodynamic quantities for the first acid dissociation equilibrium at 25°C: log K1a = -2.852 ± 0.003. ΔH1̊a = 0.1 ±0.3 kJ-mol-1. ΔS1̊a = -54.4±1.0 J-mol-1-K-1 and ΔCp̊,1a = -185±20 J-mol-1-K-1. Measurements of the bimalonatelmalonate system were made over the same intervals of temperature and ionic strength. A similar regression of the present and previously published equilibrium quotients using a seven- term equation yielded the following values for the second acid dissociation equilibrium at 25°C: log K2a = -5.697 ± 0.001. ΔH2̊a = -5.13±0.11 kJ-mol-1, ΔS2̊a = -126.3±0.4 J-mol-1-K-1. and ΔCp̊,2a = -250+10 J-mol-1-K-1

Dissociation Quotients of Malonic Acid in Aqueous Sodium Chloride Media to 100°C1

The first and second molal dissociation quotients of malonic acid were measured potentiometrically in a concentration cell fitted with hydrogen electrodes. The hydrogen ion molality of malonic acidJbimalonate solutions was measured relative to a standard aqueous HCI solution from 0 to 100°C over 25° intervals at five ionic strengths ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 molal (NaCl). The molal dissociation quotients and available literature data were treated in the all anionic form by a seven-term equation. This treatment yielded the following thermodynamic quantities for the first acid dissociation equilibrium at 25°C: log K1a = -2.852 ± 0.003. ΔH1̊a = 0.1 ±0.3 kJ-mol-1. ΔS1̊a = -54.4±1.0 J-mol-1-K-1 and ΔCp̊,1a = -185±20 J-mol-1-K-1. Measurements of the bimalonatelmalonate system were made over the same intervals of temperature and ionic strength. A similar regression of the present and previously published equilibrium quotients using a seven- term equation yielded the following values for the second acid dissociation equilibrium at 25°C: log K2a = -5.697 ± 0.001. ΔH2̊a = -5.13±0.11 kJ-mol-1, ΔS2̊a = -126.3±0.4 J-mol-1-K-1. and ΔCp̊,2a = -250+10 J-mol-1-K-1

Cadmium Malonate Complexation in Aqueous Sodium Trifluoromethanesulfonate Media to 75°C; Including Dissociation Quotients of Malonic Acid

The molal formation quotients for cadmium-malonate complexes were measured potentiometrically from 5 to 75°C, at ionic strengths of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 molal in aqueous sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaTf) media. In addition, the stepwise dissociation quotients for malomc acid were measured in the same medium from 5 to 100°C, at ionic strengths of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 molal by the same method. The dissociation quotients for malonic acid were modeled as a function of temperature and ionic strength with empirical equations formulated such that the equilibrium constants at infinite dilution were consistent, within the error estimates, with the malonic acid dissociation constants obtained in NaCl media. The equilibrium constants calculated for the dissociation of malonic acid at 25°C and infinite dilution are log K1a = -2.86 ± 0.01 and log K2a = -5.71 ± 0.01. A single Cd-malonate species, CdCH2C2O4, was identified from the complexation study and the formation quotients for this species were also modeled as a function of temperature and ionic strength. Thermodynamic parameters obtained by differentiating the equation with respect to temperature for the formation of CdCH2C2O4 at 25°C and infinite dilution are: log K = 3.45 ± 0.09, ΔH° = 7 ± 6 kJ-mol-1, ΔS° = 91 ± 22 J-K-1-mol-1, and ΔC°p = 400 ± 300J-K-1-mol-1

Elevated CO2 did not stimulate stem growth in 11 provenances of a globally important hardwood plantation species

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO2) often enhances rates of photosynthesis leading to increased productivity in trees. In their native habitats in Australia, eucalypts display considerable phenotypic plasticity in response to changes in environmental conditions. Little is known whether this plasticity can be harnessed effectively under future atmospheric eCO2 conditions and be used to identify provenances with superior growth. Here, we report two experiments that assessed the physiological and growth responses of Eucalyptus grandis—one of the world's most important hardwood plantation species—to eCO2. We used 11 provenances from contrasting climates. Our selection was based on site-specific information of long-term temperature and water availability. In Experiment 1, four provenances exhibited significant variation in light-saturated photosynthetic rates (Asat), stomatal conductance (gs), and concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates in leaves, stems and roots when grown under ambient CO2 (aCO2). Biomass of leaves, stems and roots varied significantly and were negatively correlated with mean annual temperature (MAT) at seed origin, indicating that provenances from cooler, wetter climates generally produced greater biomass. Yet, stem growth of these provenances was not stimulated by eCO2. Given the vast environmental gradient covered by provenances of E. grandis, we expanded the selection from four to nine provenances in Experiment 2. This allowed us to validate results from Experiment 1 with its small selection and detailed measurements of various physiological parameters by focusing on growth responses to eCO2 across a wider environmental gradient in Experiment 2. In Experiment 2, nine provenances also exhibited intraspecific differences in growth, but these were not related to climate of origin, and eCO2 had little effect on growth traits. Growth responses under eCO2 varied widely across provenances in both experiments, confirming phenotypic plasticity in E. grandis, though responses were not systematically correlated with climate of origin. These results indicate that selection of provenances for improved stem growth of E. grandis under future eCO2 cannot be based solely on climate of origin, as is common practice for other planted tree species

The renal lineage factor PAX8 controls oncogenic signalling in kidney cancer

Large-scale human genetic data(1-3) have shown that cancer mutations display strong tissue-selectivity, but how this selectivity arises remains unclear. Here, using experimental models, functional genomics and analyses of patient samples, we demonstrate that the lineage transcription factor paired box 8 (PAX8) is required for oncogenic signalling by two common genetic alterations that cause clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in humans: the germline variant rs7948643 at 11q13.3 and somatic inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor (VHL)(4-6). VHL loss, which is observed in about 90% of ccRCCs, can lead to hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF2A) stabilization(6,7). We show that HIF2A is preferentially recruited to PAX8-bound transcriptional enhancers, including a pro-tumorigenic cyclin D1 (CCND1) enhancer that is controlled by PAX8 and HIF2A. The ccRCC-protective allele Cat rs7948643 inhibits PAX8 binding at this enhancer and downstream activation of CCND1 expression. Co-option of a PAX8-dependent physiological programme that supports the proliferation of normal renal epithelial cells is also required for MYC expression from the ccRCC metastasis-associated amplicons at 8q21.3-q24.3 (ref. (8)). These results demonstrate that transcriptional lineage factors are essential for oncogenic signalling and that they mediate tissue-specific cancer risk associated with somatic and inherited genetic variants.Peer reviewe

Electrode material–ionic liquid coupling for electrochemical energy storage

The development of new electrolyte and electrode designs and compositions has led to advances in electrochemical energy-storage (EES) devices over the past decade. However, focusing on either the electrode or electrolyte separately is insufficient for developing safer and more efficient EES devices in various working environments, as the energy-storage ability is determined by the ion arrangement and charge and/or electron transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interface. In this Review, we assess the fundamental physicochemical and electrochemical properties at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces in Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors using safe and electrochemically stable ionic-liquid electrolytes. Key reactions and interactions at the electrode–electrolyte interface, as well as geometric constraints and temperature effects, are highlighted. Building on the fundamental understanding of interfacial processes, we suggest potential strategies for designing stable and efficient ionic-liquid-based EES devices with emerging electrode materials

Fogarty International Center collaborative networks in infectious disease modeling:Lessons learnt in research and capacity building

Due to a combination of ecological, political, and demographic factors, the emergence of novel pathogens has been increasingly observed in animals and humans in recent decades. Enhancing global capacity to study and interpret infectious disease surveillance data, and to develop data-driven computational models to guide policy, represents one of the most cost-effective, and yet overlooked, ways to prepare for the next pandemic. Epidemiological and behavioral data from recent pandemics and historic scourges have provided rich opportunities for validation of computational models, while new sequencing technologies and the ‘big data’ revolution present new tools for studying the epidemiology of outbreaks in real time. For the past two decades, the Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies (DIEPS) of the NIH Fogarty International Center has spearheaded two synergistic programs to better understand and devise control strategies for global infectious disease threats. The Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study (MISMS) has strengthened global capacity to study the epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of influenza viruses in 80 countries by organizing international research activities and training workshops. The Research and Policy in Infectious Disease Dynamics (RAPIDD) program and its precursor activities has established a network of global experts in infectious disease modeling operating at the research-policy interface, with collaborators in 78 countries. These activities have provided evidence-based recommendations for disease control, including during large-scale outbreaks of pandemic influenza, Ebola and Zika virus. Together, these programs have coordinated international collaborative networks to advance the study of emerging disease threats and the field of computational epidemic modeling. A global community of researchers and policy-makers have used the tools and trainings developed by these programs to interpret infectious disease patterns in their countries, understand modeling concepts, and inform control policies. Here we reflect on the scientific achievements and lessons learnt from these programs (h-index = 106 for RAPIDD and 79 for MISMS), including the identification of outstanding researchers and fellows; funding flexibility for timely research workshops and working groups (particularly relative to more traditional investigator-based grant programs); emphasis on group activities such as large-scale modeling reviews, model comparisons, forecasting challenges and special journal issues; strong quality control with a light touch on outputs; and prominence of training, data-sharing, and joint publications. Keywords: Infectious diseases, Transmission models, Computational models, Pathogen evolution, Capacity building, Emerging disease threats, Influenza, Control, Polic

Software for the frontiers of quantum chemistry:An overview of developments in the Q-Chem 5 package

This article summarizes technical advances contained in the fifth major release of the Q-Chem quantum chemistry program package, covering developments since 2015. A comprehensive library of exchange–correlation functionals, along with a suite of correlated many-body methods, continues to be a hallmark of the Q-Chem software. The many-body methods include novel variants of both coupled-cluster and configuration-interaction approaches along with methods based on the algebraic diagrammatic construction and variational reduced density-matrix methods. Methods highlighted in Q-Chem 5 include a suite of tools for modeling core-level spectroscopy, methods for describing metastable resonances, methods for computing vibronic spectra, the nuclear–electronic orbital method, and several different energy decomposition analysis techniques. High-performance capabilities including multithreaded parallelism and support for calculations on graphics processing units are described. Q-Chem boasts a community of well over 100 active academic developers, and the continuing evolution of the software is supported by an “open teamware” model and an increasingly modular design

Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America

We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 49 individuals forming four parallel time transects in Belize, Brazil, the Central Andes, and the Southern Cone, each dating to at least 9,000 years ago. The common ancestral population radiated rapidly from just one of the two early branches that contributed to Native Americans today. We document two previously unappreciated streams of gene flow between North and South America. One affected the Central Andes by 4,200 years ago, while the other explains an affinity between the oldest North American genome associated with the Clovis culture and the oldest Central and South Americans from Chile, Brazil, and Belize. However, this was not the primary source for later South Americans, as the other ancient individuals derive from lineages without specific affinity to the Clovis-associated genome, suggesting a population replacement that began at least 9,000 years ago and was followed by substantial population continuity in multiple regions