12 research outputs found
Experimental Manipulation of Photonic Entanglement : Applications in Quantum Communication, Quantum Teleportation and Quantum Computation
Die Quanteninformationsverarbeitung (QIV) und ihre Anwendungen im Bereich der Quantenkommunikation und Quantenrechnung war in den letzten zwanzig Jahren eines der am stĂ€rksten wachsenden Gebitet der Physik. In der Zukunft wird die QIV beeindruckende Verbesserungen unter anderem auf den Gebieten der Kommunikationssicherheit, der Rechengeschwindigkeit und der FĂ€higkeit zur Simulation von quantenmechanischen Prozessen erlauben. Diese Dissertation beschreibt vier Experimente zur Physik der VerschrĂ€nkung mehrerer Photonen und ihre Anwendung auf dem Gebiet der QIV: Die Implementierung einer deterministischen Quelle fĂŒr polarisationsverschrĂ€nkte Photonenpaare. Die Entwicklung eines Interferometers zur Erzeugung von Viel-Teilchen-VerschrĂ€nkung mit bis zu sechs Photonen. Die erzeugte Sechs-Teilchen-VerschrĂ€nkung wurden dann zur ersten experimentellen Quanten Teleportation eines zusammengesetzten Zwei-Teilchen Zustandes, zur ersten Ăbertragung von VerschrĂ€nkung ĂŒber mehrere Abschnitte und zur ersten Implementierung eines teleportationsbasierten bedingten-NICHT-Gatters' fĂŒr eine fehlertolerante Quantenrechnung verwendet. Die in dieser Dissertation entwickelten experimentellen Techniken sind fundamental sowohl fĂŒr Anwendungen in der QIV, wie die Verbesserung der Kommunikationssicherheit und der Rechengeschwindigkeit als auch fĂŒr zukĂŒnftige grundlegende Experimente der Quantenmechanik
Kulturen des Entscheidens
Der Band thematisiert Entscheiden als eine soziale Praxis, die keineswegs selbstverstĂ€ndlich sondern in hohem MaĂe voraussetzungsvoll ist und die mit unterschiedlichen Zumutungen einhergeht. Entscheiden nimmt je nach sozialen UmstĂ€nden ganz unterschiedliche Formen an und unterliegt demnach dem historischen Wandel. Die BeitrĂ€ge des Bandes gehen anhand ausgewĂ€hlter Fallbeispiele, die vom mittelalterlichen Europa bis hin zum gegenwĂ€rtigen Indien reichen, unterschiedlichen Aspekten von Kulturen des Entscheidens nach. Sie nehmen Narrative und Praktiken des Entscheidens ebenso in den Blick wie den Einsatz von Ressourcen in Prozessen des Entscheidens und diskutieren AnsĂ€tze, Entscheiden in einer geistes- und kulturwissenschaftlichen Perspektive zu analysieren. Der Band zeigt so die vielfĂ€ltigen Möglichkeiten auf, wie Entscheiden untersucht werden kann, wenn dieses als eine historisch wandelbare soziale Praxis und als kulturell diverses PhĂ€nomen begriffen wird
New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.
Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (PÂ <Â 5Â ĂÂ 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms
Kulturen des Entscheidens
Der Band thematisiert Entscheiden als eine soziale Praxis, die keineswegs selbstverstĂ€ndlich sondern in hohem MaĂe voraussetzungsvoll ist und die mit unterschiedlichen Zumutungen einhergeht. Entscheiden nimmt je nach sozialen UmstĂ€nden ganz unterschiedliche Formen an und unterliegt demnach dem historischen Wandel. Die BeitrĂ€ge des Bandes gehen anhand ausgewĂ€hlter Fallbeispiele, die vom mittelalterlichen Europa bis hin zum gegenwĂ€rtigen Indien reichen, unterschiedlichen Aspekten von Kulturen des Entscheidens nach. Sie nehmen Narrative und Praktiken des Entscheidens ebenso in den Blick wie den Einsatz von Ressourcen in Prozessen des Entscheidens und diskutieren AnsĂ€tze, Entscheiden in einer geistes- und kulturwissenschaftlichen Perspektive zu analysieren. Der Band zeigt so die vielfĂ€ltigen Möglichkeiten auf, wie Entscheiden untersucht werden kann, wenn dieses als eine historisch wandelbare soziale Praxis und als kulturell diverses PhĂ€nomen begriffen wird
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Protein-coding variants implicate novel genes related to lipid homeostasis contributing to body-fat distribution.
Body-fat distribution is a risk factor for adverse cardiovascular health consequences. We analyzed the association of body-fat distribution, assessed by waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index, with 228,985 predicted coding and splice site variants available on exome arrays in up to 344,369 individuals from five major ancestries (discovery) and 132,177 European-ancestry individuals (validation). We identified 15 common (minor allele frequency, MAF â„5%) and nine low-frequency or rare (MAF <5%) coding novel variants. Pathway/gene set enrichment analyses identified lipid particle, adiponectin, abnormal white adipose tissue physiology and bone development and morphology as important contributors to fat distribution, while cross-trait associations highlight cardiometabolic traits. In functional follow-up analyses, specifically in Drosophila RNAi-knockdowns, we observed a significant increase in the total body triglyceride levels for two genes (DNAH10 and PLXND1). We implicate novel genes in fat distribution, stressing the importance of interrogating low-frequency and protein-coding variants
Protein-coding variants implicate novel genes related to lipid homeostasis contributing to body fat distribution
Body-fat distribution is a risk factor for adverse cardiovascular health consequences. We analyzed the association of body-fat distribution, assessed by waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index, with 228,985 predicted coding and splice site variants available on exome arrays in up to 344,369 individuals from five major ancestries (discovery) and 132,177 European-ancestry individuals (validation). We identified 15 common (minor allele frequency, MAF â„5%) and nine low-frequency or rare (MAF <5%) coding novel variants. Pathway/gene set enrichment analyses identified lipid particle, adiponectin, abnormal white adipose tissue physiology and bone development and morphology as important contributors to fat distribution, while cross-trait associations highlight cardiometabolic traits. In functional follow-up analyses, specifically in Drosophila RNAi-knockdowns, we observed a significant increase in the total body triglyceride levels for two genes (DNAH10 and PLXND1). We implicate novel genes in fat distribution, stressing the importance of interrogating low-frequency and protein-coding variants
Protein-altering variants associated with body mass index implicate pathways that control energy intake and expenditure in obesity
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >250 loci for body mass index (BMI), implicating pathways related to neuronal biology. Most GWAS loci represent clusters of common, noncoding variants from which pinpointing causal genes remains challenging. Here we combined data from 718,734 individuals to discover rare and low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 5%) coding variants associated with BMI. We identified 14 coding variants in 13 genes, of which 8 variants were in genes (ZBTB7B, ACHE, RAPGEF3, RAB21, ZFHX3, ENTPD6, ZFR2 and ZNF169) newly implicated in human obesity, 2 variants were in genes (MC4R and KSR2) previously observed to be mutated in extreme obesity and 2 variants were in GIPR. The effect sizes of rare variants are ~10 times larger than those of common variants, with the largest effect observed in carriers of an MC4R mutation introducing a stop codon (p.Tyr35Ter, MAF = 0.01%), who weighed ~7 kg more than non-carriers. Pathway analyses based on the variants associated with BMI confirm enrichment of neuronal genes and provide new evidence for adipocyte and energy expenditure biology, widening the potential of genetically supported therapeutic targets in obesity
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Protein-altering variants associated with body mass index implicate pathways that control energy intake and expenditure underpinning obesity
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >250 loci for body mass index (BMI), implicating pathways related to neuronal biology. Most GWAS loci represent clusters of common, non-coding variants from which pinpointing causal genes remains challenging. Here, we combined data from 718,734 individuals to discover rare and low-frequency (MAF<5%) coding variants associated with BMI. We identified 14 coding variants in 13 genes, of which eight in genes (ZBTB7B, ACHE, RAPGEF3, RAB21, ZFHX3, ENTPD6, ZFR2, ZNF169) newly implicated in human obesity, two (MC4R, KSR2) previously observed in extreme obesity, and two variants in GIPR. Effect sizes of rare variants are ~10 times larger than of common variants, with the largest effect observed in carriers of an MC4R stop-codon (p.Tyr35Ter, MAF=0.01%), weighing ~7kg more than non-carriers. Pathway analyses confirmed enrichment of neuronal genes and provide new evidence for adipocyte and energy expenditure biology, widening the potential of genetically-supported therapeutic targets to treat obesity
Publisher Correction: Protein-altering variants associated with body mass index implicate pathways that control energy intake and expenditure in obesity
In the HTML version of this article initially published, the author groups âCHD Exome+ Consortiumâ, âEPIC-CVD Consortiumâ, âExomeBP Consortiumâ, âGlobal Lipids Genetic Consortiumâ, âGoT2D Genes Consortiumâ, âEPIC InterAct Consortiumâ, âINTERVAL Studyâ, âReproGen Consortiumâ, âT2D-Genes Consortiumâ, âThe MAGIC Investigatorsâ and âUnderstanding Society Scientific Groupâ appeared at the end of the author list but should have appeared earlier in the list, after author Krina T. Zondervan. The errors have been corrected in the HTML version of the article