La transformación histórica de las coberturas naturales impulsa el potencial invasor de las plantas en los bosques secos del río Magdalena, Colombia

Biological invasions are the second most important cause of biodiversity loss in the world. Invasive species successfully compete with native species and in most cases negatively affect invaded ecosystems. Several studies have focused on identifying wich characteristics promote the invasiveness of the species and resulting ecological impacts, yet few have assessed how land cover transformation enables colonization of species that are tolerant to limited resources, and if this condition is a driver for biological invasion. To establish the invasibility of a dry ecosystem such as the one in the Magdalena River Valley, the change in vegetation cover in areas currently dominated by species with invasive potentials (Vachellia farnesiana, Leucaena leucocephala, and Prosospis juliflora) was analyzed for a period of approximately 70 years. Obtained results show that areas colonized by potentially invasive species had greater transformation dynamics, based on land cover persistence through time. In contrast, forest areas, which lack potentially invasive species, only presented one transformation period and more than 50 years of ecosystem recovery. These results show how ecosystems historically transformed and disturbed can facilitate species invasion processes.Las invasiones biológicas se consideran la segunda causa de pérdida de la biodiversidad en el mundo, contandoentre otras pruebas con el hecho de que las especies invasoras compiten exitosamente con las nativas y en lamayoría de los casos impactan negativamente los ecosistemas invadidos. Varios estudios se han centrado endeterminar las características que tienen las especies para invadir y los impactos ecológicos que ocasionan, sinembargo existen pocos estudios sobre cómo la transformación de las coberturas vegetales facilitan la colonizaciónde especies tolerantes al déficit de recursos y si esta característica puede impulsar su potencial invasor. Paradeterminar la susceptibilidad a la invasión de un ecosistema seco como el valle del rio Magdalena, se analizóel cambio de las coberturas vegetales actualmente dominadas por especies con potencial invasor: Vachelliafarnesiana (Pela), Leucaena leucocephala (Leucaena) y Prosospis juliflora (Trupillo) durante ~70 años. Losresultados muestran que las áreas colonizadas por estas especies presentan mayor dinámica en la transformaciónde las coberturas a partir de la persistencia de la cobertura en el tiempo. En contraste las áreas de bosque, dondeno se registraron especies con potencial invasor, solo presentaron un periodo de transformación y más de 50 añosde recuperación. Estos resultados dejan en evidencia cómo los ecosistemas con alto historial de transformacióny disturbio facilitan los procesos de invasión

EVALUACION POBLACIONAL Y USO SOSTENIBLE DE ANIMALES DE CAZA POR COMUNIDADES INDÍGENAS EN EL ÁREA DE CONSERVACIÓN REGIONAL AMPIYACU APAYACU, NORESTE DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA

Este estudio presenta los resultados de la evaluación poblacional de fauna silvestre y el conocimiento de las especies sujetas a caza sostenible por comunidades pertenecientes a la Federación de Comunidades Nativas del Ampiyacu (FECONA) durante el 2016 en la zona de aprovechamiento directa del Área de Conservación Regional Ampiyacu Apayacu (ACRAA). Las comunidades locales participaron en la evaluación bajo el liderazgo de la Dirección Ejecutiva de Conservación y Diversidad Biológica del Gobierno Regional de Loreto. Aplicamos las metodologías de registros de caza, diálogos interactivos y censos de fauna silvestre. El método de cosecha unificado fue empleado para realizar el análisis de sostenibilidad de la caza. En total, fueron seis las especies más preferidas por la población local, que soportan la presión de caza y se encuentran por debajo del límite de cosecha sostenible. Estas especies fueron: Pecari tajacu “sajino”, Tayassu pecari “huangana”, Mazama americana “venado colorado”, M. nemorivaga “venado gris”, Cuniculus paca “majás” y Dasyprocta fuliginosa “añuje”. La información proporcionada en este artículo, está siendo utilizada por el Gobierno Regional de Loreto para definir las tasas de aprovechamiento comercial a pequeña escala de las especies que soportan la presión de caza, hasta que se elabore un plan de manejo. Esta experiencia piloto es única dada para las áreas de conservación regional en la amazonía de Loreto, cuyas lecciones aprendidas indudablemente serán aplicadas con las adaptaciones del caso a otras áreas de conservación regional

Activation of the Innate Immune Response against DENV in Normal Non-Transformed Human Fibroblasts

In this work, we demonstrate that that both human whole skin and freshly isolated skin fibroblasts are productively infected with Dengue virus (DENV). In addition, primary skin fibroblast cultures were established and subsequently infected with DENV-2; we showed in these cells the presence of the viral antigen NS3, and we found productive viral infection by a conventional plaque assay. Of note, the infectivity rate was almost the same in all the primary cultures analyzed from different donors. The skin fibroblasts infected with DENV-2 underwent signaling through both TLR3 and RIG-1, but not Mda5, triggering up-regulation of IFNβ, TNFα, defensin 5 (HB5) and β defensin 2 (HβD2). In addition, DENV infected fibroblasts showed increased nuclear translocation of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), but not interferon regulatory factor 7 IRF7, when compared with mock-infected fibroblasts. Our data suggest that fibroblasts might even participate producing mediators involved in innate immunity that activate and contribute to the orchestration of the local innate responses. This work is the first evaluating primary skin fibroblast cultures obtained from different humans, assessing both their susceptibility to DENV infection as well as their ability to produce molecules crucial for innate immunity

Reconstructing Native American Population History

The peopling of the Americas has been the subject of extensive genetic, archaeological and linguistic research; however, central questions remain unresolved1–5. One contentious issue is whether the settlement occurred via a single6–8 or multiple streams of migration from Siberia9–15. The pattern of dispersals within the Americas is also poorly understood. To address these questions at higher resolution than was previously possible, we assembled data from 52 Native American and 17 Siberian groups genotyped at 364,470 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We show that Native Americans descend from at least three streams of Asian gene flow. Most descend entirely from a single ancestral population that we call “First American”. However, speakers of Eskimo-Aleut languages from the Arctic inherit almost half their ancestry from a second stream of Asian gene flow, and the Na-Dene-speaking Chipewyan from Canada inherit roughly one-tenth of their ancestry from a third stream. We show that the initial peopling followed a southward expansion facilitated by the coast, with sequential population splits and little gene flow after divergence, especially in South America. A major exception is in Chibchan-speakers on both sides of the Panama Isthmus, who have ancestry from both North and South America

May Measurement Month 2018: a pragmatic global screening campaign to raise awareness of blood pressure by the International Society of Hypertension

Aims Raised blood pressure (BP) is the biggest contributor to mortality and disease burden worldwide and fewer than half of those with hypertension are aware of it. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global campaign set up in 2017, to raise awareness of high BP and as a pragmatic solution to a lack of formal screening worldwide. The 2018 campaign was expanded, aiming to include more participants and countries. Methods and results Eighty-nine countries participated in MMM 2018. Volunteers (≥18 years) were recruited through opportunistic sampling at a variety of screening sites. Each participant had three BP measurements and completed a questionnaire on demographic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg, or taking antihypertensive medication. In total, 74.9% of screenees provided three BP readings. Multiple imputation using chained equations was used to impute missing readings. 1 504 963 individuals (mean age 45.3 years; 52.4% female) were screened. After multiple imputation, 502 079 (33.4%) individuals had hypertension, of whom 59.5% were aware of their diagnosis and 55.3% were taking antihypertensive medication. Of those on medication, 60.0% were controlled and of all hypertensives, 33.2% were controlled. We detected 224 285 individuals with untreated hypertension and 111 214 individuals with inadequately treated (systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg) hypertension. Conclusion May Measurement Month expanded significantly compared with 2017, including more participants in more countries. The campaign identified over 335 000 adults with untreated or inadequately treated hypertension. In the absence of systematic screening programmes, MMM was effective at raising awareness at least among these individuals at risk

Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome-wide association

Intracranial volume reflects the maximally attained brain size during development, and remains stable with loss of tissue in late life. It is highly heritable, but the underlying genes remain largely undetermined. In a genome-wide association study of 32,438 adults, we discovered five novel loci for intracranial volume and confirmed two known signals. Four of the loci are also associated with adult human stature, but these remained associated with intracranial volume after adjusting for height. We found a high genetic correlation with child head circumference (ρgenetic=0.748), which indicated a similar genetic background and allowed for the identification of four additional loci through meta-analysis (Ncombined = 37,345). Variants for intracranial volume were also related to childhood and adult cognitive function, Parkinson’s disease, and enriched near genes involved in growth pathways including PI3K–AKT signaling. These findings identify biological underpinnings of intracranial volume and provide genetic support for theories on brain reserve and brain overgrowth

The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Cuentos de nunca acabar. Aproximaciones desde la interculturalidad

Cuentos de nunca acabar. Aproximaciones desde la interculturalidad, surge después de la pandemia y su imposibilidad de socializar “en persona” con los compañeros de eventuales encuentros, porque la Comprensión Lectora tenía que reinventarse para su nueva reflexión cognitiva, adaptación contextual y reconstrucción del conocimiento. Este renovado enfoque de la realidad postpandemia, concebido en el marco de la educación intercultural comunitaria, busca potencializar los entornos naturales, sociales y culturales como recursos de aprendizaje multidisciplinario a través del lenguaje animado de los cuentos. En este marco, había que dinamizar la asignatura de Comunicación Oral y Escrita, que se dicta en los Primeros Niveles de los Centros de Apoyo de Otavalo, Cayambe, Latacunga y Riobamba, mediante un eje transversal donde los estudiantes escriban fundamentados en valores de la cosmovisión andina, considerando que provienen de varios lugares de la sierra y amazonía ecuatoriana. Todo surgió del encuentro presencial de un sábado cualquiera donde los estudiantes realizaban ejercicios narrativos, logrando una apreciable respuesta de imaginación, más emotiva que la clásica tarea de las Unidades, tanto así que, pasados unos días, seguían llegando sus escritos a mi correo. Entonces nos pusimos manos a la obra, cada estudiante tendría dos opciones como Actividad Integradora, la primera consistía en escribir un cuento de su propia inspiración, y la segunda analizar un clásico para comentar sus valores y antivalores. La mayor parte de estudiantes decidió escribir su propio cuento, de donde se escogieron algunas participaciones que podrían considerarse originales, para una edición que, respetando la transcripción de la tradición oral que prima en los sectores comunitarios, nos concretamos en revisar la puntuación y ortografía para publicarlos. Con esto buscamos innovar la Actividad Integradora, por algo más práctico y operativo para configurar los Objetos de Aprendizaje que buscamos. Así nació, en medio del camino, este libro de Cuentos de nunca acabar. Aproximaciones desde la interculturalidad, que ponemos en sus manos. Hernán Hermosa Mantilla Quito, junio de 202