The El Niño Southern Oscillation drives multidirectional inter-reef larval connectivity in the Great Barrier Reef

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the strongest source of interannual global climate variability, and extreme ENSO events are projected to increase in frequency under climate change. Interannual variability in the Coral Sea circulation has been associated with ENSO, although uncertainty remains regarding ENSO's influence on hydrodynamics and larval dispersal in the adjacent Great Barrier Reef (GBR). We investigated larval connectivity during ENSO events from 2010 to 2017 throughout the GBR, based on biophysical modelling of a widespread predatory reef fish, Lutjanus carponotatus. Our results indicate a well-connected system over the study period with high interannual variability in inter-reef connectivity associated with ENSO. Larval connectivity patterns were highly correlated to variations in the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). During El Niño conditions and periods of weak SOI, larval dispersal patterns were predominantly poleward in the central and southern regions, reversing to a predominant equatorward flow during very strong SOI and extreme La Niña conditions. These ENSO-linked connectivity patterns were associated with positive connectivity anomalies among reefs. Our findings identify ENSO as an important source of variation in larval dispersal and connectivity patterns in the GBR, which can influence the stability of population dynamics and patterns of biodiversity in the region

The Grizzly, September 29, 1992

Yes, Mom, I Really Do Live Here: Parents Day 1992 • APO and Demas Honored • Taking Time to Talk with New Faculty • How Ursinus Rates • International Wednesday • Literature? At Ursinus? • Spotlight: Milo Winter • Nothing to Do? Then Make Something Happen! • An Alternative to Litigation • Letters to the Editor • An Educated Vote • The Cross-Country Steamroller • Sports Week in Reviewhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1299/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, December 8, 1992

Gomez Speaks on Gildah Stories • Wellness Center Confusion • Greek Service Projects • How To Handle Holiday Dysfunction • Senior Profile: Tina Moukoulis • Wismer\u27s Christmas Dinner • Russian Rock With Yuri • Exam Schedule • Standards • A Lack of Preventive Aid • Letters: Greetings from France; Response to Disabled Accessibility • UC Snaps Losing Steak; Picks Up Three Wins • Lady Bears Recaphttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1307/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, October 13, 1992

Homecoming 1992 • A Question of Queens • U.C.\u27s Past Meets its Present • AFAC Dampens Coffee House Plans • U.C. Alum to Speak on Venusian Voyage • Philadelphia Renaissance Wind Band to Perform at Ursinus • Conversations with The Dead • Photographs From Total Silence • Movie Reviews: Singles; Bob Roberts • Cafferty Band Tickets on Sale • Jam Sessions Sparked By Chartreuse Walrus • TV or no TV • Question the Pain and Suffering • Letters to the Editor • Dean Kane on Homecoming • Field Hockey Has Up-and-Down Week • Arroliga Wins McIntyre Award • V-Ballers Beat All Opponents • Football Falls in Final Seconds • Soccer Wins Two Straighthttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1301/thumbnail.jp

Predominant atmospheric and oceanic patterns during coastal marine heatwaves

As the mean temperatures of the worlds oceans increase, it is predicted that marine heatwaves (MHWs) will occur more frequently and with increased severity. However, it has been shown that variables other than increases in sea water temperature have been responsible for MHWs. To better understand these mechanisms driving MHWs we have utilized atmospheric (ERA-Interim) and oceanic (OISST, AVISO) data to examine the patterns around southern Africa during coastal (<400 m from the low water mark; measured in situ) MHWs. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was first used to determine that the atmospheric and oceanic states during MHW are different from daily climatological states. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) were then used to cluster the MHW states into one of nine nodes to determine the predominant atmospheric and oceanic patterns present during these events. It was found that warmwater forced onto the coast via anomalous ocean circulation was the predominant oceanic pattern during MHWs. Warm atmospheric temperatures over the subcontinent during onshore or alongshore winds were the most prominent atmospheric patterns. Roughly one third of the MHWs were clustered into a node with no clear patterns, which implied that they were not forced by a recurring atmospheric or oceanic state that could be described by the SOManalysis. Because warm atmospheric and/or oceanic temperature anomalies were not the only pattern associated withMHWs, the current trend of a warming earth does not necessarily mean that MHWs will increase apace; however, aseasonal variability in wind and current patterns was shown to be central to the formation of coastal MHWs, meaning that where climate systems shift from historic records, increases in MHWs will likely occur

The globalization of cultural eutrophication in the coastal ocean: causes and consequences

Coastal eutrophication caused by anthropogenic nutrient inputs is one of the greatest threats to the health of coastal estuarine and marine ecosystems worldwide. Globally, similar to 24% of the anthropogenic N released in coastal watersheds is estimated to reach coastal ecosystems. Seven contrasting coastal ecosystems subject to a range of riverine inputs of freshwater and nutrients are compared to better understand and manage this threat. The following are addressed: (i) impacts of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on ecosystem services; (ii) how ecosystem traits minimize or amplify these impacts; (iii) synergies among pressures (nutrient enrichment, over fishing, coastal development, and climate-driven pressures in particular); and (iv) management of nutrient inputs to coastal ecosystems. This comparative analysis shows that "trophic status," when defined in terms of the level of primary production, is not useful for relating anthropogenic nutrient loading to impacts. Ranked in terms of the impact of cultural eutrophication, Chesapeake Bay ranks number one followed by the Baltic Sea, Northern Adriatic Sea, Northern Gulf of Mexico, Santa Barbara Channel, East China Sea, and the Great Barrier Reef. The impacts of increases in anthropogenic nutrient loading (e.g., development of "dead zones," loss of biologically engineered habitats, and toxic phytoplankton events) are, and will continue to be, exacerbated by synergies with other pressures, including over fishing, coastal development and climate-driven increases in sea surface temperature, acidification and rainfall. With respect to management, reductions in point source inputs from sewage treatment plants are increasingly successful. However, controlling inputs from diffuse sources remains a challenging problem. The conclusion from this analysis is that the severity of coastal eutrophication will likely continue to increase in the absence of effectively enforced, ecosystem-based management of both point and diffuse sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. This requires sustained, integrated research and monitoring, as well as repeated assessments of nutrient loading and impacts. These must be informed and guided by ongoing collaborations among scientists, politicians, managers and the public.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Manufacturing Leviathan: International Order, States, and Failed States

This research focuses on the economic, political, and social relationships and interactions that constitute the contemporary international order and their effect on nation-state viability. The first four chapters outline the history and theory behind state development and international order from Seventeenth Century Europe to modern times. The argument advanced in these chapters is that Westphalian sovereignty along with economic and political liberalism eventually transformed themselves from novel policy innovations undertaken by a minority of European states into a normative and institutional incentive structure applicable to all. This is problematic for younger states because it fosters the expectation that developmental convergence via elections and open markets will be relatively quick and painless, certainly not the centuries long and often violent process that took place in Europe. The final chapters outline the contemporary failed state debate and identify its emphasis on the domestic arena of states as limiting and problematic. Chapters six, seven, and eight develop an international model of nation-state failure and implement an empirical analysis of nation-states from 1970 to 2002. The findings indicate that diplomatic relationships with major powers, ideological alignment with major powers, and economic and social interdependence bolsters the viability of most states. These international variables out perform domestic variables, like state legitimacy and capacity, in terms of significance, effect-size, and consistency across models. What is more, the empirical results raise serious doubts about the efficacy and appropriateness of democratic and free market reforms, in their current formulation, for state development and stability, particularly for younger less developed states

When states die: geographic and territorial pathways to state death

State death, understood as the formal loss of control over foreign policy, is an important but neglected issue in the international relations literature. When do states die and why? How do states exit the system? The consequences of state death can be wide-ranging, from forced migration movements, regional instability, to general famine. Despite these severe consequences, political scientists have yet to adequately study the causes of state death. Fazal finds that states are prone to death when they are located as a buffer between two rivals; this suggests that being a buffer state is a cause of state death. Our expansion of current research seeks to add the concept of territorial disputes to the state death literature. We suggest that states are at greater risk of death when they become involved in territorial disputes that raise the stakes of conflict. The resulting research demonstrates that a reliable predictor of state death is engagement in a territorial dispute. Territorial disputes are the most prevalent issue that leads to war and can also be a leading cause of state death