Evaluation of Modified Air Traffic Control Phraseology for Area Navigation (Rnav) Standard instrument Departure (Sid) Clearances Phase III: Operational Validation With Pilot Training Video

Area Navigation (RNAV) procedures are being designed and implemented for terminal departures and arrivals. Potential benefits of introducing these procedures include: 1) more fuel efficient and time saving routings 2) reduced dependence on radar vectoring, altitude and speed assignments that contribute to frequency congestion 3) more efficient use of inherently limited terminal airspace. As operational implementation of RNAV procedures began, analysis of occasional failures to comply with RNAV Standard Instrument Departure (SID) clearances focused attention on a number of issues. This study focused on issues involving Air Traffic Control (ATC) phraseology used for issuing clearances to join a departure route and for returning aircraft to SIDs, after issuing an altitude, speed, and/or heading change. In these cases, ATC may not have effectively communicated the intent of the issued instruction. The Pilot/Controller Phraseology and Procedures Action Team (P/CPP AT), under the Departure and Landing Workgroup of the Performance Based Operational Aviation Rulemaking Committee (PARC), addresses such pilot/controller procedure and phraseology issues. The P/CPP AT sponsored this study. They identified an operational need to establish Climb Via procedures and phraseology for SIDs, similar to the "descend via" procedures and phraseology currently in use for Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR\u2019s). Accordingly, the P/CPP AT drafted new procedures and phraseology for addition to FAA Order 7110.65, describing the Climb Via instructions. The proposed phraseology was developed to address potential misunderstandings of RNAV SIDs. As a result of this study, the proposed "Climb Via" phraseology was refined, and a Climb Via Pilot Informational video, was developed to clarify phraseology and procedure

Human Factors Evaluation of Conflict Resolution Advisories in the En Route Domain

Objective: In this human-in-the-loop simulation experiment, we evaluated how Conflict Resolution Advisories (CRA) affected en route controllers. Background: Controllers currently use a conflict probe and trial planning tool, known as the User Request Evaluation Tool (URET), which is available on the Radar Associate Position. However, under Trajectory-Based Operations\u2014that is, Separation Management Modern Procedures (SepMan)\u2014several capabilities will become available to the Radar Position, including probed menus, conflict detection and trial planning, and support for multiple separation minima within a sector\u2018s airspace. The CRA Program is built upon the SepMan concept and will provide a proposed solution to a potential conflict as soon as a controller initiates the entry of a clearance. Method: Twelve current en route Certified Professional Controllers from Air Route Traffic Control Centers participated in the experiment. Results: CRA capabilities did not change controller workload nor time and distance flown by aircraft in the sector. Analysis of tactical and strategic conflict alerts show that controllers solved potential conflicts quickly when CRA was available. Most of the participants\u2018 subjective ratings favored the CRA, and participants expressed that CRA was a useful concept. Conclusion: The results show an advantage of CRA on some air traffic control tasks. In general, CRA was accepted by the participant controllers. Application: With a few modifications of the current CRA features and functions, the authors believe that CRA will be a useful automation tool for air traffic controllers

Evidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence

This paper describes evidence-based kernels, fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to underlie effective prevention and treatment for children, adults, and families. A kernel is a behavior–influence procedure shown through experimental analysis to affect a specific behavior and that is indivisible in the sense that removing any of its components would render it inert. Existing evidence shows that a variety of kernels can influence behavior in context, and some evidence suggests that frequent use or sufficient use of some kernels may produce longer lasting behavioral shifts. The analysis of kernels could contribute to an empirically based theory of behavioral influence, augment existing prevention or treatment efforts, facilitate the dissemination of effective prevention and treatment practices, clarify the active ingredients in existing interventions, and contribute to efficiently developing interventions that are more effective. Kernels involve one or more of the following mechanisms of behavior influence: reinforcement, altering antecedents, changing verbal relational responding, or changing physiological states directly. The paper describes 52 of these kernels, and details practical, theoretical, and research implications, including calling for a national database of kernels that influence human behavior