331 research outputs found
Development of concepts of capital and income in financial reporting in the nineteenth century
The study is concerned with the conception of capital and income in the changing economic circumstances of the late nineteenth century. This issue arises as a matter of interest from the confusing accounting for capital assets then followed, and which has become the subject of a small but significant literature. Methodologically the issue, and the literature it has provoked, provide a 'set' in which an accounting calculation is identified, its context considered and consequences evaluated. It introduces the idea that accounting had macroeconomic implications, and meets Hopwood's (1983) injunction that accounting ought to be considered in the context in which it arises. The study illustrates the significance of a flawed accounting founded on an inadequate definition of capital to adversely affect economic life by reference to the legal debate and litigation in English courts about the definition of profit available for distribution as dividends that occurred at the end of the nineteenth century. The study explores nineteenth century understanding of the concept of capital in economic philosophy on the basis that it would be in that body of philosophic literature that such ideas would have to be examined. The study finds that, for most of the nineteenth century, understanding of the nature of capital and income derived from the works of William Petty and Adam Smith. It held that capital and income were separate states of wealth. This conception of capital continued in the work of David Ricardo, Marx and J. S. Mill, and is evident also in the work of Alfred Marshall. The modern, twentieth century, understanding of capital and income as antithetical states of wealth is identified in the study as deriving from the work of the American economist Irving Fisher in 1896. The contribution of this thesis is to âą Establish that the crisis in late nineteenth century financial reporting derived from the prevailing conception of capital and its relationship to income, âą note that the conception in legislative requirements determining profit were consistent with that definition, and âą identify the origin of the modern, twentieth century understanding of capital and income as antithetical states of wealth. The study provides an in-principle view that nineteenth century capital accounting had the capacity to cause misallocation of resources within an economy
Audiogram of a Cook Inlet beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas)
Author Posting. © Acoustical Society of America, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of Acoustical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 148(5), (2020): 3141, doi:10.1121/10.0002351.Noise is a stressor to wildlife, yet the precise sound sensitivity of individuals and populations is often unknown or unmeasured. Cook Inlet, Alaska belugas (CIBs) are a critically endangered and declining marine mammal population. Anthropogenic noise is a primary threat to these animals. Auditory evoked potentials were used to measure the hearing of a wild, stranded CIB as part of its rehabilitation assessment. The beluga showed broadband (4â128âkHz) and sensitive hearing (<80âdB) for a wide-range of frequencies (16â80âkHz), reflective of a healthy odontocete auditory system. Data were similar to healthy, adult belugas from the comparative Bristol Bay population (the only other published data set of healthy, wild marine mammal hearing). Repeated October and December 2017 measurements were similar, showing continued auditory health of the animal throughout the rehabilitation period. Hearing data were compared to pile-driving and container-ship noise measurements made in Cook Inlet, two sources of concern, suggesting masking is likely at ecologically relevant distances. These data provide the first empirical hearing data for a CIB allowing for estimations of sound-sensitivity in this population. The beluga's sensitive hearing and likelihood of masking show noise is a clear concern for this population struggling to recover.The work was conducted under Permit No. MMHSRP MMPA/ESA #18786-02 to T.R. and approved via the Institute for Animal Care and Use Protocol from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. This publication was partially funded by the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) under NOAA Cooperative Agreement No. NA15OAR4320063.2021-05-2
Dark gas in the solar neighnorhood from extinction data
When modeling infrared or gamma-ray data as a linear combination of observed
gas tracers, excess emission has been detected compared to expectations from
known neutral and atomic gas as traced by HI and CO measurements, respectively.
This excess might correspond to an additional gas component. This so-called
"dark gas" (DG) has been observed in our Galaxy, as well as the Magellanic
Clouds. For the first time, we investigate the correlation between visible
extinction (Av) data and gas tracers on large scales in the solar neighborhood.
Our work focuses on both the solar neighborhood (|b|>10\degr), and the inner
and outer Galaxy, as well as on four individual regions: Taurus, Orion,
Cepheus-Polaris and Aquila-Ophiuchus. Thanks to the recent production of an
all-sky Av map, we first perform the correlation between Av and both HI and CO
emission over the most diffuse regions, to derive the optimal (Av/NH)^(ref)
ratio. We then iterate the analysis over the entire regions to estimate the
CO-to-H2 conversion factor as well as the DG mass fraction. The average
extinction to gas column-density ratio in the solar neighborhood is found to be
(Av/NH)^(ref)=6.53 10^(-22) mag. cm^2, with significant differences between the
inner and outer Galaxy. We derive an average XCO value of 1.67 10^(20) H2
cm^(-2)/(K km s^(-1)). In the solar neighborhood, the gas mass in the dark
component is found to be 19% relative to that in the atomic component and
164 relative to the one traced by CO. These results are compatible with the
recent analysis using Planck data within the uncertainties of our measurements.
We estimate the ratio of dark gas to total molecular gas to be 0.62 in the
solar neighborhood. The HI-to-H2 and H2-to-CO transitions appear for Av
0.2 mag and Av mag, respectively, in agreement with
theoretical models of dark-H2 gas.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in A&A (in
press
Quantification of passivation layer growth in inert anodes for molten salt electrochemistry by in situ energy-dispersive diffraction
An in situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction experiment was undertaken on operational titanium electrowinning cells to observe the formation of rutile (TiO2) passivation layers on Magnéli-phase (TinO2n-1; n = 4-6) anodes and thus determine the relationship between passivation layer formation and electrolysis time. Quantitative phase analysis of the energy-dispersive data was undertaken using a crystal-structure-based Rietveld refinement. Layer formation was successfully observed and it was found that the rate of increase in layer thickness decreased with time, rather than remaining constant as observed in previous studies. The limiting step in rutile formation is thought to be the rate of solid-state diffusion of oxygen within the anode structure
Extended H? emission line sources from UWISH2
We present the extended source catalogue for the UKIRT Wide Field Infrared Survey for H2 (UWISH2). The survey is unbiased along the inner Galactic Plane from l ? 357° to l ? 65° and |b| ? 1.5° and covers 209 deg2. A further 42.0 and 35.5 deg2 of high dust column density regions have been targeted in Cygnus and Auriga. We have identified 33 200 individual extended H2 features. They have been classified to be associated with about 700 groups of jets and outflows, 284 individual (candidate) planetary nebulae, 30 supernova remnants and about 1300 photodissociation regions. We find a clear decline of star formation activity (traced by H2 emission from jets and photodissociation regions) with increasing distance from the Galactic Centre. About 60 per cent of the detected candidate planetary nebulae have no known counterpart and 25 per cent of all supernova remnants have detectable H2 emission associated with them
Mass reservoirs surrounding massive infrared dark clouds: A view by near-infrared dust extinction
Context: Infrared Dark Clouds (IRDCs) harbor progenitors of high-mass stars.
Little is known of the parental molecular clouds of the IRDCs. Aims: We
demonstrate the feasibility of the near-infrared (NIR) dust extinction mapping
in tracing the parental molecular clouds of IRDCs at the distances of D = 2.5 -
8 kpc. Methods: We derive NIR extinction maps for 10 prominent IRDC complexes
using a color-excess mapping technique and NIR data from the UKIDSS/Galactic
Plane Survey. We compare the resulting maps to the 13CO emission line data, to
the 8 \mu m dust opacity data, and to the millimeter dust emission data. We
derive distances for the clouds by comparing the observed NIR source densities
to the Besancon stellar distribution model and compare them to the kinematic
distance estimates. Results: The NIR extinction maps provide a view to the IRDC
complexes over the dynamical range of Av = 2 - 40 mag, in spatial resolution of
30". The NIR extinction data correlate well with the 13CO data and probe a
similar gas component, but also extend to higher column densities. The NIR data
reveal a wealth of extended structures surrounding the dense gas traced by the
8 \mu m shadowing features and sub-mm dust emission, showing that the clouds
contain typically > 10 times more mass than traced by those tracers. The IRDC
complexes of our sample contain relatively high amount of high-column density
material, and their cumulative column density distributions resemble active
nearby star-forming clouds like Orion rather than less active clouds like
California. Conclusions: NIR dust extinction data provide a new powerful tool
to probe the mass distribution of the parental molecular clouds of IRDCs up to
the distances of D = 8 kpc. This encourages for deeper NIR observations of
IRDCs, because the sensitivity and resolution of the data can be directly
enhanced with dedicated observations.Comment: 22 pages, 24 figures, accepted to A&A. A version with full resolution
figures can be downloaded from
http://www.mpia-hd.mpg.de/homes/jtkainul/NexusI/NexusI_v1.pd
Targeting Conservation Investments in Heterogeneous Landscapes: A distance function approach and application to watershed management
To achieve a given level of an environmental amenity at least cost, decision-makers must integrate information about spatially variable biophysical and economic conditions. Although the biophysical attributes that contribute to supplying an environmental amenity are often known, the way in which these attributes interact to produce the amenity is often unknown. Given the difficulty in converting multiple attributes into a unidimensional physical measure of an environmental amenity (e.g., habitat quality), analyses in the academic literature tend to use a single biophysical attribute as a proxy for the environmental amenity (e.g., species richness). A narrow focus on a single attribute, however, fails to consider the full range of biophysical attributes that are critical to the supply of an environmental amenity. Drawing on the production efficiency literature, we introduce an alternative conservation targeting approach that relies on distance functions to cost-efficiently allocate conservation funds across a spatially heterogeneous landscape. An approach based on distance functions has the advantage of not requiring a parametric specification of the amenity function (or cost function), but rather only requiring that the decision-maker identify important biophysical and economic attributes. We apply the distance-function approach empirically to an increasingly common, but little studied, conservation initiative: conservation contracting for water quality objectives. The contract portfolios derived from the distance-function application have many desirable properties, including intuitive appeal, robust performance across plausible parametric amenity measures, and the generation of ranking measures that can be easily used by field practitioners in complex decision-making environments that cannot be completely modeled. Working Paper # 2002-01
Amplitudes and lifetimes of solar-like oscillations observed by CoRoT* Red-giant versus main-sequence stars
Context. The advent of space-borne missions such as CoRoT or Kepler providing
photometric data has brought new possibilities for asteroseismology across the
H-R diagram. Solar-like oscillations are now observed in many stars, including
red giants and main- sequence stars. Aims. Based on several hundred identified
pulsating red giants, we aim to characterize their oscillation amplitudes and
widths. These observables are compared with those of main-sequence stars in
order to test trends and scaling laws for these parameters for both
main-sequence stars and red giants. Methods. An automated fitting procedure is
used to analyze several hundred Fourier spectra. For each star, a modeled
spectrum is fitted to the observed oscillation spectrum, and mode parameters
are derived. Results. Amplitudes and widths of red-giant solar-like
oscillations are estimated for several hundred modes of oscillation. Amplitudes
are relatively high (several hundred ppm) and widths relatively small (very few
tenths of a {\mu}Hz). Conclusions. Widths measured in main-sequence stars show
a different variation with the effective temperature than red giants. A single
scaling law is derived for mode amplitudes of both red giants and main-sequence
stars versus their luminosity to mass ratio. However, our results suggest that
two regimes may also be compatible with the observations.Comment: Accepted in A&A on 2011 February 8th, now includes corrections
(results now more precise on \Gamma and A_max in Section 4.3 and 4.4, fig. 7
corrected consequently
POISSON project - II - A multi-wavelength spectroscopic and photometric survey of young protostars in L 1641
Characterising stellar and circumstellar properties of embedded young stellar
objects (YSOs) is mandatory for understanding the early stages of the stellar
evolution. This task requires the combination of both spectroscopy and
photometry, covering the widest possible wavelength range, to disentangle the
various protostellar components and activities. As part of the POISSON project,
we present a multi-wavelength spectroscopic and photometric investigation of
embedded YSOs in L1641, aimed to derive the stellar parameters and evolutionary
stages and to infer their accretion properties. Our database includes
low-resolution optical-IR spectra from the NTT and Spitzer (0.6-40 um) and
photometric data covering a spectral range from 0.4 to 1100 um, which allow us
to construct the YSOs spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and to infer the
main stellar parameters. The SED analysis allows us to group our 27 YSOs into
nine Class I, eleven Flat, and seven Class II objects. However, on the basis of
the derived stellar properties, only six Class I YSOs have an age of ~10^5 yr,
while the others are older 5x10^5-10^6 yr), and, among the Flat sources, three
out of eleven are more evolved objects (5x10^6-10^7 yr), indicating that
geometrical effects can significantly modify the SED shapes. Inferred mass
accretion rates (Macc) show a wide range of values (3.6x10^-9 to 1.2x10^-5
M_sun yr^-1), which reflects the age spread observed in our sample. Average
values of mass accretion rates, extinction, and spectral indices decrease with
the YSO class. The youngest YSOs have the highest Macc, whereas the oldest YSOs
do not show any detectable jet activity in either images and spectra. We also
observe a clear correlation among the YSO Macc, M*, and age, consistent with
mass accretion evolution in viscous disc models.Comment: 61 pages, 16 figures; A&A in pres
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