ANALISIS STRUKTURAL JEUNG SEMIOTIK DINA NOVÉL SAÉNI KARANGAN HADI AKS PIKEUN BAHAN PANGAJARAN MACA NOVÉL DI SMA

Novel Saéni mempunyai unsur-unsur struktural dan semiotik yang perlu dikaji dan diketahui oleh pembaca. Secara umum, tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk menggali unsur struktural yang ada dalam novel seperti tema, fakta cerita (alur, lattar, tokoh dan karakter), dan sarana cerita (sudut pandang, gaya bahasa, amanat) serta menggali unsur semiotik (ikon, indeks, dan simbol) yang kemudian dihubungkan dengan pembelajaran membaca novel di SMA. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode deskriptif analitik, dengan menggunakan tekhnik telaah pustaka dan analisis data menggunakan kartu data. Sedangkan yang menjadi sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah novél Saéni. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa unsur struktural yang ada pada novel ini adalah: 1) tema dalam novel ini membahas tentang kisah asmara atau percintaan, 2) alur yang digunakan oleh pengarang yaitu alur bobok tengah, 3) latar yang terdapat dalam novel ini yaitu latar waktu, latar tempat, dan latar sosial, 4) dalam novel ini, terdapat dua tokoh utama, ditambah dengan tokoh tambahan dan tokoh figuran, 5) terdapat sembilan gaya bahasa yang digunakan dalam novel Saéni, yaitu pleonasmeu, spot, alegori, sinestesia, hiperbola, litotes, eufimismeu, personifikasi dan simile, 6) amanat yang terkandung di dalamnya yaitu janganlah mengutamakan nafsu, tetapi kendalikanlah diri kita dalam menghadapi suatu masalah, menerima takdir, dan janganlah melanggar aturan agama. Unsur semiotik yang ada dalam novel ini yaitu dua ikon, 42 indeks, dan 36 simbol. Selain dari dua unsur tersebut novel Saéni juga menampakkan perbandingan dan gambaran kehidupan masyarakat Sunda di pegunungan dan di pesisir pantai yang masih kental akan dongeng, kebudayaan, dan kepercayaan, serta bisa dijadikan bahan pembelajaran membaca novel di SM

Manganese-oxidizing bacteria mediate the degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol

Manganese (II) and manganese-oxidizing bacteria were used as an efficient biological system for the degradation of the xenoestrogen 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) at trace concentrations. Mn(2+)-derived higher oxidation states of Mn (Mn(3+), Mn(4+)) by Mn(2+)-oxidizing bacteria mediate the oxidative cleavage of the polycyclic target compound EE2. The presence of manganese (II) was found to be essential for the degradation of EE2 by Leptothrix discophora, Pseudomonas putida MB1, P. putida MB6 and P. putida MB29. Mn(2+)-dependent degradation of EE2 was found to be a slow process, which requires multi-fold excess of Mn(2+) and occurs in the late stationary phase of growth, implying a chemical process taking place. EE2-derived degradation products were shown to no longer exhibit undesirable estrogenic activity

A modeling assessment of the role of reversible scavenging in controlling oceanic dissolved Cu and Zn distributions

The balance of processes that control elemental distributions in the modern oceans is important in understanding both their internal recycling and the rate and nature of their eventual output to sediment. Here we seek to evaluate the likely controls on the vertical profiles of Cu and Zn. Though the concentrations of both Cu and Zn increase with depth, Cu increases in a more linear fashion than Zn, which exhibits a typical "nutrient-type" profile. Both elements are bioessential, and biological uptake and regeneration has often been cited as an important process in controlling their vertical distribution. In this study, we investigate the likely importance of another key vertical process, that of passive scavenging on sinking particles, via a simple one-dimensional model of reversible scavenging. We find that, despite the absence of lateral or vertical water advection, mixing, diffusion, or biological uptake, our reversible scavenging model is very successful in replicating dissolved Cu concentration profiles on a range of geographic scales. We provide preliminary constraints on the scavenging coefficients for Cu for a spectrum of particle types (calcium carbonate, opal, particulate organic carbon, and dust) while emphasizing the fit of the shape of the modeled profile to that of the tracer data. In contrast to Cu, and reaffirming the belief that Zn behaves as a true micronutrient, the scavenging model is a poor match to the shape of oceanic Zn profiles. Modeling a single vertical process simultaneously highlights the importance of lateral advection in generating high Zn concentrations in the deep Pacific. Key Points A 1-D reversible scavenging model is applied to oceanic [Cu] and [Zn]Dissolved Cu is well described by the process of reversible scavengingDissolved Zn is not, reflecting its behaviour as a true nutrient-type element ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved

Increased intracellular concentrations of DMSP and DMSO in iron-limited oceanic phytoplankton Thalassiosira oceanica and Trichodesmium erythraeum

International audienceWe investigated the link between iron (Fe) limitation and intracellular dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) concentration in two oceanic phytoplankton species, the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica and the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) concentrations were also measured in Fe-replete and Fe-limited T. oceanica. Fe limitation decreased the growth rates of T. oceanica and T. erythraeum by 33-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively and increased intracellular DMSP (DMSPp) concentrations by 12-fold (from 2.8 to 33.7 mmol Lcell−1) and by 45-fold (from 0.05 to 2.27 mmol Ltrichome−1), respectively. Intracellular dimethylsulfoxide (DMSOp) concentrations in T. oceanica increased by 5-fold under severe Fe limitation, from 0.78 mmol Lcell−1 in Fe-replete cells to 3.86 mmol Lcell−1. The increase in DMSPp and DMSOp under Fe limitation provides support for the role of these sulfur compounds as antioxidants. Under severe Fe limitation, the large increase in DMSPp : C and DMSP : chlorophyll a (Chl a) ratios for both T. oceanica (by 16- and 40-fold, respectively) and T. erythraeum (by 18- and 145-fold, respectively) places these species above the range of values generally attributed to diatoms and cyanophytes. Comparison of these values with in situ results, such as those from Fe fertilization experiments, suggests that the decrease in DMSPp : Chl a and DMSOp : Chl a that is generally observed with alleviation of Fe limitation may be partly related to decreases in DMSPp and DMSOp in individual species. The role of diatoms and diazotrophic cyanobacteria in the biogeochemical cycle of dimethylsulfide and associated sulfur compounds in Fe-limited oceanic environments should not be overlooked

Estimation of the atmospheric flux of nutrients and trace metals to the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic Ocean

Atmospheric deposition contributes potentially significant amounts of the nutrients iron, nitrogen and phosphorus (via mineral dust and anthropogenic aerosols) to the oligotrophic tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Transport pathways, deposition processes and source strengths contributing to this atmospheric flux are all highly variable in space and time. Atmospheric sampling was conducted during 28 research cruises through the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) over a 12 year period and a substantial dataset of measured concentrations of nutrients and trace metals in aerosol and rainfall over the region was acquired. This database was used to quantify (on a spatial- and seasonal-basis) the atmospheric input of ammonium, nitrate, soluble phosphorus and soluble and total iron, aluminium and manganese to the ETNA. The magnitude of atmospheric input varies strongly across the region, with high rainfall rates associated with the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone contributing to high wet deposition fluxes in the south, particularly for soluble species. Dry deposition fluxes of species associated with mineral dust exhibited strong seasonality, with highest fluxes associated with winter-time low-level transport of Saharan dust. Overall (wet plus dry) atmospheric inputs of soluble and total trace metals were used to estimate their soluble fractions. These also varied with season and were generally lower in the dry north than in the wet south. The ratio of ammonium plus nitrate to soluble iron in deposition to the ETNA was lower than the N:Fe requirement for algal growth in all cases, indicating the importance of the atmosphere as a source of excess iron

Variability of atmospheric dimethylsulphide over the southern Indian Ocean due to changes in ultraviolet radiation

Dimethylsulphide (DMS) is a climatically important component of global biogeochemical cycles, through its role in the sulphur cycle. Changes in ultraviolet radiation (UV) exhibit both positive and negative forcings on the dynamics of production and turnover of DMS and its precursor dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP). In this study we investigate the net forcing of UV on atmospheric DMS. The work is based on a 10-year record of observed DMS at Amsterdam Island in the southern Indian Ocean, and satellite-based retrievals of surface UV and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The results show an inverse relationship between UV radiation and atmospheric DMS associated with extreme changes (defined as the greatest 5%) in daily UV, independent of changes in wind speed, sea surface temperature, and PAR

The Assimilation Of Italian Immigrants And Their Children Through A Variety Of Educational Experiences In A Rural Area (Pennsylvania).

This study examined the assimilation of twentieth century Italian immigrants and their children through a variety of educational experiences in a rural area. The objectives were to describe how they acquired their language, to determine factors which affected their assimilation, and to compare and contrast, through a review of the literature, urban experiences with the rural experiences of subjects in this study. Little has been written about Italian immigrant experiences in rural areas. Therefore, to supplement the published and unpublished studies on the Italians in the cities, the techniques of oral history were utilized in order to study Italian immigrants and their children in Washington, Pennsylvania. The results indicated that the majority of the Italian immigrants who came to Washington, Pennsylvania between 1890 - 1940 were from Southern Italy and for the most part were agricultural workers who migrated to the United States for economic reasons. It was also found that Italian immigrants were put at a disadvantage by the language barrier, customs, religion, and mannerisms. However, they were self-contained, and by banding together and isolating themselves, they felt secure and were able to retain an identity. This type of settlement helped them learn the English language from their own children, neighbors, boarders, and relatives who migrated earlier. Most important, various factors facilitated assimilation of rural Italian immigrants such as the English language, work experiences, lodges, churches, recreational activities and the newspapers. Finally, the implications of this study indicated that the techniques of oral history could be employed in ethnic studies courses along with helping use oral history to reconstruct the history of their communities

Phytoplankton niche generation by interspecific stoichiometric variation

For marine biogeochemical models used in simulations of climate change scenarios, the ability to account for adaptability of marine ecosystems to environmental change becomes a concern. The potential for adaptation is expected to be larger for a diverse ecosystem compared to a monoculture of a single type of (model) algae, such as typically included in biogeochemical models. Recent attempts to simulate phytoplankton diversity in global marine ecosystem models display remarkable qualitative agreement with observed patterns of species distributions. However, modeled species diversity tends to be systematically lower than observed and, in many regions, is smaller than the number of potentially limiting nutrients. According to resource competition theory, the maximum number of coexisting species at equilibrium equals the number of limiting resources. By simulating phytoplankton communities in a chemostat model and in a global circulation model, we show here that a systematic underestimate of phytoplankton diversity may result from the standard modeling assumption of identical stoichiometry for the different phytoplankton types. Implementing stoichiometric variation among the different marine algae types in the models allows species to generate different resource supply niches via their own ecological impact. This is shown to increase the level of phytoplankton coexistence both in a chemostat model and in a global self-assembling ecosystem model. Key Points: - Common Redfield stoichiometry in plankton models impedes phytoplankton diversity - Stoichiometric plasticity increases the chance for sustained diversity - Modelers should go beyond Redfield stoichiometry in multi-phytoplankton model

Biogeochemical cycling of dissolved zinc along the GEOTRACES South Atlantic transect GA10 at 40°S

The biogeochemical cycle of zinc (Zn) in the South Atlantic, at 40°S, was investigated as part of the UK GEOTRACES program. To date there is little understanding of the supply of Zn, an essential requirement for phytoplankton growth, to this highly productive region. Vertical Zn profiles displayed nutrient-like distributions with distinct gradients associated with the watermasses present. Surface Zn concentrations are among the lowest reported for theworld’s oceans (<50 pM). A strong Zn-Si linear relationshipwas observed (Zn (nM)= 0.065 Si (μM), r2=0.97, n = 460). Our results suggest that the use of a global Zn-Si relationship would lead to an underestimation of dissolved Zn in deeper waters of the South Atlantic. By utilizing Si* and a new tracer Zn* our data indicate that the preferential removal of Zn in the Southern Ocean prevented a direct return path for dissolved Zn to the surface waters of the South Atlantic at 40°S and potentially the thermocline waters of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre. The importance of Zn for phytoplankton growth was evaluated using the Zn-soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) relationship. We hypothesize that the low Zn concentrations in the South Atlantic may select for phytoplankton cells with a lower Zn requirement. In addition, a much deeper kink at ~ 500m in the Zn:SRP ratio was observed compared to other oceanic regions

The relationship between cupric ion activity and the toxicity of copper to phytoplankton

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution April, 1975The purpose of this investigation is to quantify the relationship between cupric ion activity and the toxicity of copper to phytoplankton and further to study the effect on copper toxicity of naturally occurring organic ligands. Culture experiments with an estuarine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (clone 3H) in highly chelated seawater media demonstrated that copper induced growth rate inhibition and 3 to 4 day cellular uptake of copper are both related to the calculated free cupric ion activity and are independent of the total copper concentration. Cupric ion activity and total copper concentration were independently altered through various combinations of chelator (trishydroxymethyl amino methane) concentration, total copper concentration, and pH. Cellular copper content, in moles per cell, followed a hyperbolic relationship Cu/cell = 4.8 x 1-016 aCu/aCU + 10-9.2 where aCu is the free cupric ion activity. The above relationship suggests a reversible binding of copper to a single set of cellular ligand sites having a total binding capacity of 4.8 x 10-16 moles per cell and an association constant for reaction with copper of 109.2. For T. pseudonana (clone 3H) copper was inhibitory at pCu values below 10.7 (i.e. cupric ion activities above 10-10.7) with total growth inhibition occurring at pCu values below 8.3. The relationship between growth rate inhibition and cupric ion activity was not a simple hyperbolic relationship as was observed in the case of copper uptake. For an estuarine green alga Nannochloris atomus (clone GSB Nanno) and an open ocean strain of T. pseudonana (clone 13-1) partial growth rate inhibition occurred in the pCu ranges 10.3 to 8.4 and approximately 10 to 8, respectively. Comparison of these growth inhibitory pCu levels with a calculated estimate of the pCu of seawater of pH 8.2 containing a typica1 total copper concentration of 0.012 μM and having no significant copper chelation, indicates that natural cupric ion activity levels in seawater may be inhibitory to these three clones. Evidence was found for the complexation of copper by extracellular products of the alga T. pseudonana (clone 3H). Cupric ion selective electrode measurements of copper complexation in unused low salinity culture media and in identical media in which algae had been grown and from which they were subsequently filtered showed a higher degree of copper complexation in the used media. Parallel studies of copper toxicity and cellular copper uptake in an unused medium and in a culture filtrate demonstrated a lower copper toxicity and a decreased cellular copper uptake in the used medium. Cupric ion-selective electrode measurements and bioassay experiments support the hypothesis that copper is complexed by organic ligands in at least some natural waters. Copper added to filtered untreated river water is more highly complexed than that added to river water that has been uv irradiated to remove some portion of the dissolved organic matter. Copper toxicity to N. atomus is significantly increased in seawater from Vineyard Sound and in salt marsh water subjected to prior ultraviolet irradiation.This research was supported in part by Grant Numoer GB-33288 of the Biological Oceanography Section of the National Science Foundation, and in part by a Woods Hole Oceanograhic Institution Fellowship