Η καταγγελία της σύμβασης εργασίας ως διαπλαστικό δικαίωμα

Το δίκαιο της καταγγελίας που ρυθμίζεται από τους Ν.2112/1920 και Ν.3198/1955, το β.δ. 16/18 Ιουλίου 1920 σε συνδυασμό και με τις διατάξεις των άρθρων 648-680 του Αστικού Κώδικα, θεωρείται ως δίκαιο προστασίας του εργαζόμενου από την απόλυση και επηρεάζεται από τις οικονομικές και κοινωνικές συνθήκες, οι οποίες οδηγούν στους διαπληκτισμούς μεταξύ των συμφερόντων των εργαζομένων και των εργοδοτών. Το θέμα της καταγγελίας της σύμβασης εργασίας, είναι από τα σοβαρότερα ζητήματα του σύγχρονου Εργατικού Δικαίου, το οποίο δεν απασχολεί μόνον τους αντισυμβαλλόμενους σε μια εργασιακή σχέση (εργοδότη - εργαζόμενου), αλλά προβληματίζει και ανησυχεί εξίσου το νομοθέτη, τους νομικούς και τους δικαστές. Τα τελευταία χρόνια, μετά από μια σειρά νομοθετημάτων που προώθησαν την ευέλικτη απασχόληση, παρατηρείται έμμεση απελευθέρωση των καταγγελιών δίνοντας την αφορμή στους εργοδότες να ασκήσουν το διαπλαστικό τους δικαίωμα και να προβαίνουν σε συνεχείς καταγγελίες των συμβάσεων εργασίας. Το ερώτημα και ο προβληματισμός μας είναι κατά πόσο και σε ποιο βαθμό προστατεύεται ο εργαζόμενος αποτελεσματικά από την καταγγελία της σύμβασης εργασίας. Όσο πιο νόμιμα περιορίζεται το διαπλαστικό δικαίωμα της καταγγελίας από τον εργοδότη τόσο λιγότερη θα γίνεται η προσφυγή στα δικαστήρια και κατ΄ επέκταση θα μειώνονται οι καταγγελίες (απολύσεις), ο αριθμός των ανέργων και η εργασιακή απορρύθμιση. Ακόμη όσο περισσότερο εισέρχονται οι ευέλικτες μορφές απασχόλησης στον εργασιακό χώρο τόσο περισσότερο αυξάνονται οι καταγγελίες, δημιουργώντας έτσι ροπή προς την φτηνή εργασία. Επιπλέον όσο πιο αντικειμενική και πιο δίκαιη είναι η κρίση των δικαστών, τόσο καλύτερα και πιο ορθά εφαρμόζονται οι γενικές ρήτρες για την προστασία του εργαζόμενου από την καταγγελία της σύμβασης εργασίας. Από την συλλογή και την προσεκτική μελέτη των σχετικών συγγραμμάτων και ιστότοπων καθώς και δικαστικών αποφάσεων και μετά την ενδελεχή ανάλυση αυτών, σε συνδυασμό με την πλούσια νομοθεσία που υπάρχει στην υφιστάμενη έννομη τάξη του εργατικού δικαίου εξηγούμε την έννοια του διαπλαστικού δικαιώματος της καταγγελίας, η οποία διαμορφώνει μονομερώς την εργασιακή σχέση. Παραθέτουμε τις σχετικές πληροφορίες και λεπτομέρειες τις οποίες πρέπει να γνωρίζει τόσο ένας εργοδότης όσο και ένας εργαζόμενος σχετικά με τον τρόπο άσκησης της καταγγελίας. Για την καλύτερη πρακτική κατανόηση του ζητήματος επικαλούμαστε περιλήψεις δικαστικών αποφάσεων, καθώς και σωρεία άλλων αποφάσεων, που εκδόθηκαν σε αντιπαραθέσεις εργατικών διαφορών μεταξύ εργοδοτών και εργαζομένων. Μετά την μελέτη των όσων παραπάνω αναφέραμε και την καταγραφή των αντιδράσεων των πολιτών, διαπιστώνουμε ότι παρόλο που η νομοθεσία και η νομολογία αντιμετωπίζουν, ρυθμίζουν και κρίνουν με τον όσο το δυνατόν, καλύτερο και πληρέστερο τρόπο τις διενέξεις που προκύπτουν μεταξύ των εργοδοτών και των εργαζομένων, εξακολουθούν να διατηρούνται οι διενέξεις μεταξύ των συμβαλλομένων μερών και να συνεχίζεται η καταχρηστική άσκηση της καταγγελίας, κυρίως από τους εργοδότες. Ο δικαστής που θα κληθεί να επιληφθεί, να κρίνει και να αποφασίσει επί μιας καταγγελίας, θα πρέπει να έχει υπόψη του τη νομοθεσία επί της οποίας θα βασιστεί. Στην περίπτωση ύπαρξης κενού αυτής, τότε να εφαρμόσει τη διασταλτική ερμηνεία του νόμου, κρίνοντας με βάση τις αρχές τις καλής πίστης, των χρηστών και συναλλακτικών ηθών που ισχύουν, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη του την ηλικία του εργαζόμενου, την ειδικότητα αυτού, το είδος της εργασίας και τον τόπο και χρόνο της προσφοράς αυτής. Με την τακτική αυτή που θα ακολουθείται, θα εκδίδονται λιγότερες αντιφατικές αποφάσεις επί του ιδίου ή παρεμφερούς λόγου άσκησης καταγγελίας, η δε νομολογία θα είναι περισσότερο εναρμονισμένη για την κάθε είδους μορφής καταγγελίας.he law of the complaint regulated by Law 2121/1920 and Law 3198/1955, b. 16/18 July 1920 in conjunction with the provisions of articles 648-680 of the Civil Code, is considered to be the worker's right to protection from dismissal and is affected by the economic and social conditions that lead to conflicts between the interests of workers and Employers. The issue of termination of the employment contract is one of the most serious issues of modern Labor Law, which deals not only with the parties to an employment relationship (employer-employee), but also concerns legislators, lawyers and judges. In recent years, following a series of legislation promoting flexible employment, there has been an indirect release of complaints, giving employers the opportunity to exercise their right to negotiate and to make permanent complaints about employment contracts. Our question and concern is whether and to what extent the worker is effectively protected by the termination of the employment contract. The more legally the right to terminate the right of complaint by the employer, the less the recourse will be to the courts, and therefore the dismissals, the number of the unemployed and the labor deregulation will be reduced. Even the more flexible the employment forms in the workplace, the more complaints grow, thus creating a momentum for cheap work. Furthermore, the more objective and fairer the judges' judgment is, the better and more correctly the general clauses to protect the employee from the termination of the employment contract apply. From the collection and careful study of relevant writings and websites and court judgments, and following a thorough analysis of these, coupled with the rich law existing in the existing labor law system, we explain the concept of the right of the complainant, Unilaterally the employment relationship. We provide the relevant information and details that both an employer and a worker must know about how to file a complaint. For a better understanding of the issue, we sum up summaries of court rulings as well as a number of other judgments that have been made in labor disputes between employers and employees. Following the study of the above and the recording of the reactions of the citizens, we find that although the legislation and the case law deal with, they regulate and judge in the best, fuller way the conflicts that arise between the employers and the employees, Conflicts persist between the parties and continue to be abusive by the employers, notably by employers. The judge who will be asked to decide, decide and decide on a complaint should be aware of the legislation on which he will rely. In the case of this gap, then apply the broad interpretation of the law, judging by the principles of good faith, users and trading practices that apply, taking into account the age of the worker, his specialty, the type of work and the Place and time of this offer. With this tactic followed, fewer contradictory decisions will be issued on the same or similar reason for making a complaint, and case law will be more harmonized for any form of complaint

Prevalence of C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in Greek patients with sporadic ALS

A total of 178 consecutive patients with definite sALS without frontotemporal dementia (FTD) were enrolled in this study, after complete clinical evaluation. A Repeat-Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (RP-PCR) protocol was applied to detect the G4C2 repeats expansions. In the studied sALS patients, 5.06% (n = 9) carried the C9orf72 mutation. Among carriers, 2/3 of them were females and spinal onset accounted for 78% and bulbar for 22%, while the mean age of onset was about 60 years. Our study showed that the prevalence of C9orf72 repeat expansion in Greek sALS patients is similar to the overall frequency of the mutation in European populations. The pathogenic mutation remains a promising biomarker for genetic testing and targeted treatment

Mass spectrometry insights into a tandem ubiquitin-binding domain hybrid engineered for the selective recognition of unanchored polyubiquitin

Unanchored polyubiquitin chains are emerging as importanregulators of cellular physiology with diverse roles paralleling those of substrate-conjugated polyubiquitin. However tools able to discriminate unanchored polyubiquitin chains of different isopeptide linkages have not been described. We describe the design of a linker-optimised ubiquitin-binding domain hybrid (t-UBD) containing two UBDs, a ZnF-UBP domain in tandem with a linkage-selective UBA domain, which exploits avidity effects to afford selective recognition of unanchored Lys48-linked polyubiquitin chains. Utilising native MS to quantitatively probe binding affinities we confirm cooperative binding of the UBDs within the synthetic protein, and desired binding specificity for Lys48-linked ubiquitin dimers. Furthermore MS/MS analyses indicate that the t-UBD, when applied as an affinity enrichment reagent, can be used to favour the purification of endogenous unanchored Lys48-linked polyubiquitin chains from mammalian cell extracts. Our study indicates that strategies for the rational design and engineering of polyubiquitin chain-selective binding in non-biological polymers are possible, paving the way for the generation of reagents to probe unanchored polyubiquitin chains of different linkages and more broadly the ‘ubiquitome’

Selectivity of the Ubiquitin-Binding Modules

Ubiquitin-binding modules are constituents of cellular proteins that mediate the effects of ubiquitylation by making transient, non-covalent interactions with ubiquitin molecules. While some ubiquitin- binding modules bind single ubiquitin moieties, others are selective for specific ubiquitin chains of different linkage types and lengths. In recent years, functions of ubiquitin chains that are polymerized through their Lys or N-terminal Met (i.e. linear chains) residues have been linked to a variety of cellular processes. Selectivity of ubiquitin-binding modules for different ubiquitin chain types appears as a key to the distinct regulatory consequences during protein quality control pathways, receptor endocytosis, gene transcription, signaling via the NF-jB pathway, and autophagy

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Proteomic analysis in lupus mice identifies Coronin-1A as a potential biomarker for lupus nephritis

Background Approximately 50% of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients develop nephritis, which is among the most severe and frequent complications of the disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite intensive research, there are still no reliable lupus nephritis (LN) markers in clinical use that can assess renal damage and activity with a high sensitivity and specificity. To this end, the aim of this study was to identify new clinically relevant tissue-specific protein biomarkers and possible underlying molecular mechanisms associated with renal involvement in SLE, using mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. Methods Kidneys were harvested from female triple congenic B6.NZMsle1/sle2/sle3 lupus mice model, and the respective sex- and age-matched C57BL/6 control mice at 12, 24 and 36 weeks of age, representing pre-symptomatic, established and end-stage LN, respectively. Proteins were extracted from kidneys, purified, reduced, alkylated and digested by trypsin. Purified peptides were separated by liquid chromatography and analysed by high-resolution MS. Data were processed by the Progenesis QIp software, and functional annotation analysis was performed using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Immunofluorescence and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) MS methods were used to confirm prospective biomarkers in SLE mouse strains as well as human serum samples. Results Proteomic profiling of kidney tissues from SLE and control mice resulted in the identification of more than 3800 unique proteins. Pathway analysis revealed a number of dysregulated molecular pathways that may be mechanistically involved in renal pathology, including phagosome and proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation pathways. Proteomic analysis supported by human transcriptomic data and pathway analysis revealed Coronin-1A, Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15, and Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 2, as potential LN biomarkers. These results were further validated in other SLE mouse strains using MRM-MS. Most importantly, experiments in humans showed that measurement of Coronin-1A in human sera using MRM-MS can segregate LN patients from SLE patients without nephritis with a high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%). Conclusions These preliminary findings suggest that serum Coronin-1A may serve as a promising non-invasive biomarker for LN and, upon validation in larger cohorts, may be employed in the future as a screening test for renal disease in SLE patients

Cellular senescence in progenitor cells contributes to diminished remyelination potential in progressive multiple sclerosis

Cellular senescence is a form of adaptive cellular physiology associated with aging. Cellular senescence causes a proinflammatory cellular phenotype that impairs tissue regeneration, has been linked to stress, and is implicated in several human neurodegenerative diseases. We had previously determined that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) failed to promote oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) maturation, whereas NPCs from age-matched control cell lines did so efficiently. Herein, we report that expression of hallmarks of cellular senescence were identified in SOX2+ progenitor cells within white matter lesions of human progressive MS (PMS) autopsy brain tissues and iPS-derived NPCs from patients with PPMS. Expression of cellular senescence genes in PPMS NPCs was found to be reversible by treatment with rapamycin, which then enhanced PPMS NPC support for oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation. A proteomic analysis of the PPMS NPC secretome identified high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), which was found to be a senescence-associated inhibitor of OL differentiation. Transcriptome analysis of OPCs revealed that senescent NPCs induced expression of epigenetic regulators mediated by extracellular HMGB1. Lastly, we determined that progenitor cells are a source of elevated HMGB1 in human white matter lesions. Based on these data, we conclude that cellular senescence contributes to altered progenitor cell functions in demyelinated lesions in MS. Moreover, these data implicate cellular aging and senescence as a process that contributes to remyelination failure in PMS, which may impact how this disease is modeled and inform development of future myelin regeneration strategies