304 research outputs found
O olhar de universitários sobre transtorno mental
O estudo tem como objetivo identificar a opinião dos acadêmicos de graduação da Universidade em relação ao transtorno e o portador de transtorno mental. A pesquisa é quantitativa e descritiva, realizada em uma Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina entre os meses de setembro e novembro de 2009. Para o alcance do objetivo elaborou-se como instrumento um questionário estruturado com perguntas fechadas, que foi aplicado aos que concordaram e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. A amostra foi constituÃda de 353 acadêmicos, divididos entre os cursos de graduação (bacharelados) e entre suas respectivas fases, com média de dois acadêmicos por fase do curso. A organização dos dados foi feita a partir da condensação em planilha Excel, com posterior apresentação em gráficos. Ocorreram diversas opiniões, destacando acadêmicos com visão inclusiva dos portadores de transtorno mental, quando 208 (59%) afirmam que nem sempre os portadores de TM são agressivos e possuem direito ao trabalho. Porém, há um percentual de 7% (24) voltado para a exclusão social, acreditando que o lugar do portador de transtorno mental é o hospital psiquiátrico, e 190 alunos (54%) acham que o portador de TM pode ser perigoso, dependendo do transtorno que possui. Pode-se concluir que há significativa relação entre as vivências do acadêmico e sua percepção do transtorno mental
Linkage and Referral to HIV and Other Medical and Social Services: A Focused Literature Review for Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention and Control Programs
BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted disease (STD) program and clinic staff play an important role in providing linkage and referrals to programs and services that address the complex medical and psychosocial needs of their clients. We synthesized recent published literature related to effective practices for linkage to care for HIV and referral to other medical and social services.
METHODS: Three PubMed searches were conducted to identify relevant studies published since 2004 on (1) linkage to HIV care, (2) referral within STD clinical contexts, and (3) (review articles only) referral practices among all medical specialties. Systematic review procedures were not used.
RESULTS: Thirty-three studies were included in this review. Studies highlight the limited value of passive referral practices and the increased effectiveness of active referral and linkage practices. Numerous studies on linkage to HIV care suggest that case management approaches, cultural-linguistic concordance between linkage staff and clients, and structural features such as colocation facilitate timely linkage to care. Integration of other medical and social services such as family planning and alcohol screening services into STD settings may be optimal but resource-intensive. Active referral practices such as having a written referral protocols and agreements, using information technology to help transfer information between providers, and making appointments for clients may offer some benefit. Few studies included information on program costs associated with linkage and referral.
CONCLUSIONS: Recent literature provides some guideposts for STD program and clinical staff to use in determining their approach to helping link and refer clients to needed care. Much experience with these issues within STD services remains unpublished, and key gaps in the literature remain
Spitzer and HHT observations of starless cores: masses and environments
We present Spitzer observations of a sample of 12 starless cores selected to
have prominent 24 micron shadows. The Spitzer images show 8 and 24 micron
shadows and in some cases 70 micron shadows; these spatially resolved
absorption features trace the densest regions of the cores. We have carried out
a 12CO (2-1) and 13CO (2-1) mapping survey of these cores with the Heinrich
Hertz Telescope (HHT). We use the shadow features to derive optical depth maps.
We derive molecular masses for the cores and the surrounding environment; we
find that the 24 micron shadow masses are always greater than or equal to the
molecular masses derived in the same region, a discrepancy likely caused by CO
freeze--out onto dust grains. We combine this sample with two additional cores
that we studied previously to bring the total sample to 14 cores. Using a
simple Jeans mass criterion we find that ~ 2/3 of the cores selected to have
prominent 24 micron shadows are collapsing or near collapse, a result that is
supported by millimeter line observations. Of this subset at least half have
indications of 70 micron shadows. All cores observed to produce absorption
features at 70 micron are close to collapse. We conclude that 24 micron
shadows, and even more so the 70 micron ones, are useful markers of cloud cores
that are approaching collapse.Comment: 41 pages, 28 figures, 5 tables; accepted by Ap
A Mid-Infrared Census of Star Formation Activity in Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey Sources
We present the results of a search for mid-infrared signs of star formation
activity in the 1.1 mm sources in the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS). We
have correlated the BGPS catalog with available mid-IR Galactic plane catalogs
based on the Spitzer Space Telescope GLIMPSE legacy survey and the Midcourse
Space Experiment (MSX) Galactic plane survey. We find that 44% (3,712 of 8,358)
of the BGPS sources contain at least one mid-IR source, including 2,457 of
5,067 (49%) within the area where all surveys overlap (10 deg < l < 65 deg).
Accounting for chance alignments between the BGPS and mid-IR sources, we
conservatively estimate that 20% of the BPGS sources within the area where all
surveys overlap show signs of active star formation. We separate the BGPS
sources into four groups based on their probability of star formation activity.
Extended Green Objects (EGOs) and Red MSX Sources (RMS) make up the highest
probability group, while the lowest probability group is comprised of
"starless" BGPS sources which were not matched to any mid-IR sources. The mean
1.1 mm flux of each group increases with increasing probability of active star
formation. We also find that the "starless" BGPS sources are the most compact,
while the sources with the highest probability of star formation activity are
on average more extended with large skirts of emission. A subsample of 280 BGPS
sources with known distances demonstrates that mass and mean H_2 column density
also increase with probability of star formation activity.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ. Full
Table 2 will be available online through Ap
Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations of the Formation of Orion-Like Star Clusters I. Implications for the Origin of the Initial Mass Function
One model for the origin of typical galactic star clusters such as the Orion
Nebula Cluster (ONC) is that they form via the rapid, efficient collapse of a
bound gas clump within a larger, gravitationally-unbound giant molecular cloud.
However, simulations in support of this scenario have thus far have not
included the radiation feedback produced by the stars; radiative simulations
have been limited to significantly smaller or lower density regions. Here we
use the ORION adaptive mesh refinement code to conduct the first ever
radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of the global collapse scenario for the
formation of an ONC-like cluster. We show that radiative feedback has a
dramatic effect on the evolution: once the first ~10-20% of the gas mass is
incorporated into stars, their radiative feedback raises the gas temperature
high enough to suppress any further fragmentation. However, gas continues to
accrete onto existing stars, and, as a result, the stellar mass distribution
becomes increasingly top-heavy, eventually rendering it incompatible with the
observed IMF. Systematic variation in the location of the IMF peak as star
formation proceeds is incompatible with the observed invariance of the IMF
between star clusters, unless some unknown mechanism synchronizes the IMFs in
different clusters by ensuring that star formation is always truncated when the
IMF peak reaches a particular value. We therefore conclude that the global
collapse scenario, at least in its simplest form, is not compatible with the
observed stellar IMF. We speculate that processes that slow down star
formation, and thus reduce the accretion luminosity, may be able to resolve the
problem.Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, emulateapj format, ApJ in press; simulation
movies available at http://www.ucolick.org/~krumholz/publications.htm
High Velocity Molecular Outflows In Massive Cluster Forming Region G10.6-0.4
We report the arcsecond resolution SMA observations of the CO (2-1)
transition in the massive cluster forming region G10.6-0.4. In these
observations, the high velocity CO emission is resolved into individual
outflow systems, which have a typical size scale of a few arcseconds. These
molecular outflows are energetic, and are interacting with the ambient
molecular gas. By inspecting the shock signatures traced by CHOH, SiO,
and HCN emissions, we suggest that abundant star formation activities are
distributed over the entire 0.5 pc scale dense molecular envelope. The star
formation efficiency over one global free-fall timescale (of the 0.5 pc
molecular envelope, years) is about a few percent. The total
energy feedback of these high velocity outflows is higher than 10 erg,
which is comparable to the total kinetic energy in the rotational motion of the
dense molecular envelope. From order-of-magnitude estimations, we suggest that
the energy injected from the protostellar outflows is capable of balancing the
turbulent energy dissipation. No high velocity bipolar molecular outflow
associated with the central OB cluster is directly detected, which can be due
to the photo-ionization.Comment: 42 pages, 14 figures, accepted by Ap
Ambient PM2.5 Exposure Up-regulates the Expression of Costimulatory Receptors on Circulating Monocytes in Diabetic Individuals
BACKGROUND:
Exposure of humans to air pollutants such as ozone and particulate matter (PM) may result in airway and systemic inflammation and altered immune function. One putative mechanism may be through modification of cell-surface costimulatory molecules.
OBJECTIVES:
We examined whether changes in expression of costimulatory molecules on circulating cells are associated with ambient levels of fine PM [aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5)] in a susceptible population of diabetic individuals.
METHODS:
Twenty subjects were studied for 4 consecutive days. Daily measurements of PM2.5 and meteorologic data were acquired on the rooftop of the exam site. Circulating cell-surface markers that mediate innate immune and inflammatory responses were assessed by flow cytometry on each day. Sensitivity analysis was conducted on glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) genotype, body mass index, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels to determine their role as effect modifiers. Data were analyzed using random effects models adjusting for season, weekday, and meteorology.
RESULTS:
We found significantly increased monocyte expression (mean fluorescent intensity) of CD80, CD40, CD86, HLA-DR, and CD23 per 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 at 2- to 4-day lag times after exposure. These findings were significantly higher in obese individuals, in individuals with HbA1c > 7%, and in participants who were GSTM1 null.
CONCLUSIONS:
Exposure to PM2.5 can enhance antigen-presenting cell phenotypes on circulating cells, which may have consequences in the development of allergic or autoimmune diseases. These effects are amplified in diabetic individuals with characteristics that are associated with insulin resistance or with oxidative stress
Planetary Rover Simulation for Lunar Exploration Missions
When planning planetary rover missions it is useful to develop intuition and skills driving in, quite literally, alien environments before incurring the cost of reaching said locales. Simulators make it possible to operate in environments that have the physical characteristics of target locations without the expense and overhead of extensive physical tests. To that end, NASA Ames and Open Robotics collaborated on a Lunar rover driving simulator based on the open source Gazebo simulation platform and leveraging ROS (Robotic Operating System) components. The simulator was integrated with research and mission software for rover driving, system monitoring, and science instrument simulation to constitute an end-to-end Lunar mission simulation capability. Although we expect our simulator to be applicable to arbitrary Lunar regions, we designed to a reference mission of prospecting in polar regions. The harsh lighting and low illumination angles at the Lunar poles combine with the unique reflectance properties of Lunar regolith to present a challenging visual environment for both human and computer perception. Our simulator placed an emphasis on high fidelity visual simulation in order to produce synthetic imagery suitable for evaluating human rover drivers with navigation tasks, as well as providing test data for computer vision software development.In this paper, we describe the software used to construct the simulated Lunar environment and the components of the driving simulation. Our synthetic terrain generation software artificially increases the resolution of Lunar digital elevation maps by fractal synthesis and inserts craters and rocks based on Lunar size-frequency distribution models. We describe the necessary enhancements to import large scale, high resolution terrains into Gazebo, as well as our approach to modeling the visual environment of the Lunar surface. An overview of the mission software system is provided, along with how ROS was used to emulate flight software components that had not been developed yet. Finally, we discuss the effect of using the high-fidelity synthetic Lunar images for visual odometry. We also characterize the wheel slip model, and find some inconsistencies in the produced wheel slip behaviour
Fragmentation in the Massive Star-Forming Region IRAS 19410+2336
The Core Mass Functions (CMFs) of low-mass star-forming regions are found to
resemble the shape of the Initial Mass Function (IMF). A similar result is
observed for the dust clumps in high-mass star forming regions, although at
spatial scales of clusters that do not resolve the substructure found in them.
The region IRAS 19410+2336 is one exception, having been observed at spatial
scales on the order of ~2500AU, resolving the clump substructure into
individual cores.
We mapped that region with the PdBI in the 1.4mm and 3mm continuum and
several transitions of H2CO and CH3CN. The H2CO transitions were also observed
with the IRAM 30m Telescope. We detected 26 continuum sources at 1.4mm with a
spatial resolution down to ~2200 AU, distributed in two protoclusters. With the
lines emission we derived the temperature structure of the region, ranging from
35 to 90K. With them we calculated the core masses of the detected sources,
ranging from ~0.7 to ~8 M_sun. These masses were strongly (~90%) affected by
the interferometer spatial filtering. Considering only the detected dense cores
we derived a CMF with a power-law index b=-2.3+-0.2. We resolve the Jeans
length of the protoclusters by one order of magnitude, and only find little
velocity dispersion between the different subsources.
Since we cannot unambiguously differentiate protostellar and prestellar
cores, the derived CMF is not prestellar. Also, because of the large missing
flux, we cannot establish a firm link between the CMF and the IMF. This implies
that future high-mass CMF studies will need to complement the interferometer
continuum data with the short spacing data, a task suitable for ALMA. We note
that the method of extracting temperatures using H2CO lines becomes less
applicable when reaching the dense core scales of the interferometric
observations because most of the H2CO appears to originate in the envelope
structure.Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures, accepted by A&
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