PERAN GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DALAM MENUMBUHKAN NILAI-NILAI TOLERANSI BERAGAMA SISWA DI SMP NEGERI 1 NGUNUT TULUNGAGUNG

Skripsi dengan judul “Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam Menumbuhkan Nilai-Nilai Toleransi Beragama Siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut Tulungagung” ini ditulis oleh Vitria Ulfana Putri, NIM.2811133271, dengan pembimbing Drs. H. Muh. Kharis M.Pd Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya fenomena bahwa zaman sekarang ini semakin tingginya sikap intoleransi keberagamaan. Sehingga dalam hal ini peneliti menghubungkan dengan peran guru Pendidikan Agama Islam SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut dalam menumbuhkan sikap toleransi beragama di lingkungan sekolah yang mana diketahui bahwa terdapat siswa dengan latar belakang agama yang berbeda diantaranya Islam, Kristen, Khatolik, dan Budha yang menimba ilmu disekolah yang sama bahkan dikelas yang sama. Oleh sebab itu perlunya sikap toleransi beragama diantara para siswa dengan tujuan agar suasana belajar berjalan kondusif dan terjalin kerukunan antar siswa beda. Fokus penelitian dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah (1) Bagaimana peran guru Pendidikan Agama Islam sebagai educator dalam menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi beragama siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut? (2) Bagaimana peran guru Pendidikan Agama Islam sebagai motivator dalam menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi beragama siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut? (3) Bagaimana peran guru Pendidikan Agama Islam sebagai fasilitator dalam menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi beragama siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut? Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif dan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Dari hasil penelitian ini, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa: (1) Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam sebagai edukator dalam menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi beragama siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut Tulungagung yaitu dengan menjadi teladan dan role model dalam menjaga kerukunan antar umat beragama. Membentuk kepribadian siswa untuk lebih bisa menerima perbedaan agama dengan memberikan pemahaman tentang ketahuidan. Membimbing dan mengarahkan siswa menjadi manusia sosial. Dan membangkitkan pandangan yang berbeda kepada siswa muslim dengan melihat perbedaan agama sebagai alat meningkatkan keimanan. (2) Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam sebagai motivator dalam menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi beragama siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut Tulungagung yaitu dengan bertindak sebagai pembawa cerita dengan menceritakan kisah Nabi dalam bertoleransi antar umat beragama. Mengajak dan memberi dukungan yang menjadi penyemangat dalam menumbuhkan nilai toleransi beragama. Memupuk gotong royong dan kerja sama antar umat beragama. (3) Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam sebagai fasilitator dalam menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi beragama siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut Tulungagung yaitu dengan menyediakan waktu untuk siswa. Menghadapkan siswa pada problem yang berkaitan dengan toleransi beragama. Menyediakan kondisi dan kesempatan bagi siswa untuk menumbuhkan toleransi kepada umat agama lain dengan kegiatan keagamaa

Interactions with mycorrhizal fungi in two closely related hybridizing orchid species

The nuclear ribosomal DNA was used to identify the orchid mycorrhizal fungi found in roots of Orchis xbivonae and its parental species Orchis anthropophora and Orchis italica. Polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced and identified using the expanded database.We determined that closely related Tulasnellaceae are mycorrhizal in the three orchid taxa, suggesting that the mycorrhizal partner does not impair hybrid survival. This study demonstrates that O. xbivonae displays few differences in comparison with its two parental species in identity of its associated mycorrhizal fungi, it is a short- -term by-product of the hybridizing behavior of common pollinators, and thus it will not easily origin descendents with potential new genetic combinations and/or ecological preferences

Unlocking the Complete Chloroplast Genome of a Native Tree Species from the Amazon Basin, Capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth., Rubiaceae), and Its Comparative Analysis with Other Ixoroideae Species

Capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth.) belongs to subfamily Ixoroideae, one of de major lineages in the Rubiaceae family, and is an important timber tree, with origin in the Amazon Basin and has widespread distribution in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and Brazil. In this study, we obtained the first complete chloroplast (cp) genome of capirona from department of Madre de Dios located in the Peruvian Amazon. High-quality genomic DNA was used to construct librar-ies. Pair-end clean reads were obtained by PE 150 library and the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. The complete cp genome of C. spruceanum has a 154,480 bp in length with typical quadripartite structure, containing a large single copy (LSC) region (84,813 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) region (18,101 bp), separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions (25,783 bp). The annotation of C. spruceanum cp genome predicted 87 protein-coding genes (CDS), 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 37 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and 01 pseudogene. A total of 41 simple sequence repeats (SSR) of this cp genome were divided into mononucleotides (29), dinucleotides (5), trinucleotides (3), and tetranucleotide (4). Most of these repeats were distributed in the noncoding regions. Whole chloroplast genome comparison with the other six Ixoroideae species revealed that the small single copy and large single copy regions showed more divergence than invert regions. Finally, phylogenetic analysis resolved that C. spruceanum is a sister species to Emmenopterys henryi, and confirms its position within the subfamily Ixoroideae. This study reports for the first time the genome organization, gene content, and structural features of the chloroplast genome of C. spruceanum, providing valuable information for genetic and evolutionary studies in the genus Calycophyllum and beyond

The effect of root‐associated microbes on plant growth and chemical defence traits across two contrasted elevations

1. Ecotypic differences in plant growth and anti‐herbivore defence phenotypes are determined by the complex interactions between the abiotic and the biotic environment. 2. Root‐associated microbes (RAMs) are pervasive in nature, vary over climatic gradients and have been shown to influence the expression of multiple plant functional traits related to biomass accumulation and biotic interactions. We addressed how variation in climatic conditions between lowland and subalpine habitats in the Alps and RAMs can independently or interactively affect plant growth and anti‐herbivore defence trait expression. 3. To address the contribution of climate and RAMs on growth and chemical defences of high‐ and low‐elevation Plantago major ecotypes, we performed a full‐factorial reciprocal transplant field experiment at two elevations. We coupled it with plant functional trait measurements and metabolomics analyses. 4. We found that local growing climatic conditions mostly influenced how the ecotypes grew, but we also found that the high‐ and low‐elevation ecotypes improved biomass accumulation if in the presence of their own‐elevation RAMs. We also found that while chemical defence expression was affected by climate, they were also more highly expressed when plants were inoculated with low‐elevation RAMs. 5. Synthesis: Our research demonstrated that root‐associated microbes (RAMs) from contrasted elevations impact how plants grow or synthesize toxic secondary metabolites. At low elevation, where biotic interactions are stronger, RAMs enhance plant biomass accumulation and the production of toxic secondary metabolites

Eco-evolutionary dynamics in fragmented landscapes

Peer reviewedPostprin

Effects of growth rate, size, and light availability on tree survival across life stages: a demographic analysis accounting for missing values and small sample sizes.

The data set supporting the results of this article is available in the Dryad repository, http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.6f4qs. Moustakas, A. and Evans, M. R. (2015) Effects of growth rate, size, and light availability on tree survival across life stages: a demographic analysis accounting for missing values.Plant survival is a key factor in forest dynamics and survival probabilities often vary across life stages. Studies specifically aimed at assessing tree survival are unusual and so data initially designed for other purposes often need to be used; such data are more likely to contain errors than data collected for this specific purpose

Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover.

Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural clines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale