2,630 research outputs found
Integral projection models for species with complex demography
Matrix projection models occupy a central role in population and conservation biology. Matrix models divide a population into discrete classes, even if the structuring trait exhibits continuous variation ( e. g., body size). The integral projection model ( IPM) avoids discrete classes and potential artifacts from arbitrary class divisions, facilitates parsimonious modeling based on smooth relationships between individual state and demographic performance, and can be implemented with standard matrix software. Here, we extend the IPM to species with complex demographic attributes, including dormant and active life stages, cross- classification by several attributes ( e. g., size, age, and condition), and changes between discrete and continuous structure over the life cycle. We present a general model encompassing these cases, numerical methods, and theoretical results, including stable population growth and sensitivity/ elasticity analysis for density- independent models, local stability analysis in density- dependent models, and optimal/ evolutionarily stable strategy life- history analysis. Our presentation centers on an IPM for the thistle Onopordum illyricum based on a 6- year field study. Flowering and death probabilities are size and age dependent, and individuals also vary in a latent attribute affecting survival, but a predictively accurate IPM is completely parameterized by fitting a few regression equations. The online edition of the American Naturalist includes a zip archive of R scripts illustrating our suggested methods
Evolutionary tradeoff and equilibrium in an aquatic predator-prey system
Due to the conventional distinction between ecological (rapid) and
evolutionary (slow)timescales, ecological and population models to date have
typically ignored the effects of evolution. Yet the potential for rapid
evolutionary change has been recently established and may be critical to
understanding how populations adapt to changing environments. In this paper we
examine the relationship between ecological and evolutionary dynamics, focusing
on a well-studied experimental aquatic predator-prey system (Fussmann et al.
2000; Shertzer et al. 2002; Yoshida et al. 2003). Major properties of
predator-prey cycles in this system are determined by ongoing evolutionary
dynamics in the prey population. Under some conditions, however, the
populations tend to apparently stable steady-state densities. These are the
subject of the present paper. We examine a previously developed model for the
system, to determine how evolution shapes properties of the equilibria, in
particular the number and identity of coexisting prey genotypes. We then apply
these results to explore how evolutionary dynamics can shape the responses of
the system to "management": externally imposed alterations in conditions.
Specifically, we compare the behavior of the system including evolutionary
dynamics, with predictions that would be made if the potential for rapid
evolutionary change is negelected. Finally, we posit some simple experiments to
verify our prediction that evolution can have significant qualitative effects
on observed population-level responses to changing conditions.Comment: 30 pages including 8 figures, 2 tables and an Appendix; to appear in
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology. Revised three Figures, added references and
expanded Section
Charge and spin polarized currents in mesoscopic rings with Rashba spin-orbit interactions coupled to an electron reservoir
The electronic states of a mesoscopic ring are assessed in the presence of
Rashba Spin Orbit coupling and a gauge field. Spin symmetric coupling to
an ideal lead is implemented following B\"uttiker's voltage probe. The exact
density of states is derived using the reservoir uncoupled eigenstates as basis
functions mixed by the reservoir coupling. The decay time of uncoupled electron
eigenstates is derived by fitting the broadening profiles. The spin and charge
persistent currents are computed in the presence of the SO interaction and the
reservoir coupling for two distinct scenarios of the electron filling fraction.
The degradation of the persistent currents depends uniformly on the reservoir
coupling but nonuniformly in temperature, the latter due to the fact that
currents emerge from different depths of the Fermi sea, and thus for some
regimes of flux, they are provided with a protective gap. Such flux regimes can
be tailored by the SO coupling for both charge and spin currents
INSURANCE Insurance Generally: Women\u27s Access to Health Care; Health Insurance; Require Health Insurers to Provide Coverage for Any Prescription Drug or Device Approved for Use as a Contraceptive; Provide for Certain Terms and Conditions of Such Coverage; Prohibit Certain Constructions; Provide for Regulations and Notice to Policyholders
The Act provides legislative findings regarding women\u27s health and insurance coverage relating to contraceptives. It requires that health insurers provide coverage for any prescription drug or device approved for use as a contraceptive. The Act provides definitions of terms and conditions of coverage. The Act provides for regulation and notice to policyholders
A Critical Look at Women\u27s Role in Physical Education and Sport in the 1930s
This historical research focuses on the role of women in physical education and sport during the 1930s. The purpose is to explore the trends that led to a vast difference between men’s and women’s roles and expectations in physical education and sport during this time period. To engage in effective research of this societal difference, a Feminist Theoretical Framework was employed to analyze primary and secondary sources related to physical education and sports during the 1930s.
The research reveals that while sports and physical education became an increasing part of life in the United States during the 1930s, women’s roles and expectations were drastically diminished from those of men. From the intensity levels of physical activity to the rules of the games played, women were seen as an inferior gender within the sports and physical education scope. This article found three main themes leading to the diminished role of women in sports and physical education. They are, cultural views of the 1930s, biologics leading to rules changes, and the sexualization of women athletes.
This study contributes to the search for equity in the development of physical education programs and sports programs for women. By revealing past gender roles, a closer examination of current roles becomes clear
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