A Review on Optimization of Microgrid for Rural Electrification

Microgrids are a good technique for applying clean and renewable energy by 2030. Goal 7 of the Sustainable Development Goals calls for the improvement of energy operations. Since the majority of people in rural areas lack access to power, rural electrification is extremely difficult. Currently, more than two billion people lack access to energy, which affects their living conditions. A billion people throughout the globe still do not have access to power, making economic progress impossible. Many individuals live in remote, rural areas that are not connected to the national grid. Optimization techniques by offering an analytical framework may play a crucial part in this advancement. Achieve a wide range of economic, social, and environmental goals that are bound by budget, resources, local population statistics, and other considerations. This paper has been divided into basically two subsections. In section one, we begin by compiling. It gives an overview of the microgrid concept and its properties and presents important reviews of the literature on common microgrids and their remote operation localization of electricity in section second we compile various optimization methods of a microgrid. After that, we compile combining intelligent optimization algorithms with adaptive techniques Each issue type is discussed in detail, with a categorization system based on the problem's goal, suggested solution approach, components, size, and area. Finally, we identify upcoming research issues for microgrid improvement

NOVEL TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE PREFORMULATION STUDY: A REVIEW

Preformulation is a study which deals which provides the framework for drug’s combination with pharmaceutical ingredients in the fabrication of dosage form. Preformulation study is to develop the elegant dosage form by the establishing kinetic rate profile, compatibility with the other ingredients, establish physicochemical parameter and polymorphism of the new drug. Among these properties the preformulation also provide the information regarding degradation process, adverse condition relevant to the drug, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, drug stability, partition coefficient, dissolution rate, and polymorphic forms. Preformulation studies strengthen the scientific foundation of the guidance, provide regulatory relief and conserve resources in the drug development and evaluation process, improve public safety standards, enhance product quality, facilitate the implementation of new technologies. According to ICH, all technical requirements for the application of drug approval were homonized in CTD format which are scientifically more elaborate by USFDA in QoS-QbR format. QbR is based on the principle of Quality by Design (QbD) which increased efficiently in the FDA review process

Enhancement of total antioxidants and flavonoid (quercetin) by methyl jasmonate elicitation in tissue cultures of onion (Allium cepa L.)

The onion (Allium cepa) is a vegetable used extensively all over the world both for culinary purposes as well as in medicine. Its medicinal values are due to the high levels of biologically-active compounds present within the bulb. There are various phytochemicals of therapeutic importance found in A. cepa. Quercetin, a flavonoid, is one of these phytochemicals and it is a potent antioxidant. Allium cepa is a dietary supplement and is beneficial for diverse ailments, thus justifying its status as a valuable medicinal plant. Due to its medicinal significance, elicitation of total antioxidants and quercetin levels have been attempted to enhance their production in tissue callus cultures. This study reports in vitro enhancement of total antioxidants and quercetin in A. cepa using methyl jasmonate as an elicitor. A reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was used with an isocratic system and a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1 and a mobile phase of acetonitrile: 1% v/v acetic acid (60%:40% v/v). The detection wavelength was 362 nm and the retention time 8.79 minutes. Total antioxidant and quercetin contents were maximal with 100 µM of methyl jasmonate in leaf tissue callus cultures at 84.61 ±6.03% and 0.81 ±0.03 mg g−1 dry cell weight, respectively. They decreased with further increases of methyl jasmonate at 200 µM. The increase in total antioxidant and quercetin contents were 2.3- and 13.9-fold, respectively. The optimization of methyl jasmonate as an elicitor, as well as the determination of a suitable concentration in A. cepa in callus cultures, will be helpful for enhanced production of various other secondary metabolites of therapeutic significance. This could be beneficial for the pharmaceutical and neutraceutical industries for herbal drug formulations

Optineurin downregulation induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, chaperone-mediated autophagy, and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) shows a high level of basal autophagy. Here we investigated the role of optineurin (OPTN) in PDAC cell lines, which is a prominent member of the autophagy system. To that purpose, mining of publically available databases showed that OPTN is highly expressed in PDAC and that high levels of expression are related to reduced survival. Therefore, the role of OPTN on proliferation, migration, and colony formation was investigated by transient knockdown in Miapaca, BXPC3, and Suit2-007 human PDAC cells. Furthermore, gene expression modulation in response to OPTN knockdown was assessed by microarray. The influence on cell cycle distribution and cell death signaling cascades was followed by FACS, assays for apoptosis, RT-PCR, and western blot. Finally, autophagy and ROS induction were screened by acridine orange and DCFH-DA fluorescent staining respectively. OPTN knockdown caused significant inhibition of colony formation, increased migration and no significant effect on proliferation in Miapaca, BXPC3 and Suit2-007 cells. The microarray showed modulation of 293 genes in Miapaca versus 302 in Suit2-007 cells, of which 52 genes overlapped. Activated common pathways included the ER stress response and chaperone-mediated autophagy, which was confirmed at mRNA and protein levels. Apoptosis was activated as shown by increased levels of cleaved PARP, Annexin V binding and nuclear fragmentation. OPTN knockdown caused no increased vacuole formation as assessed by acridine orange. Also, there was only marginally increased ROS production. Combination of OPTN knockdown with the autophagy inducer erufosine or LY294002, an inhibitor of autophagy, showed additive effects, which led us to hypothesize that they address different pathways. In conclusion, OPTN knockdown was related to activation of ER stress response and chaperone-mediated autophagy, which tend to confine the damage caused by OPTN knockdown and thus question its value for PDAC therapy

Synergistic Analgesic Effects of Ginger, Colchicum, and Nux Vomica Extracts in a Unani Polyherbal Combination

Ginger, colchicum, and detoxified nux vomica extracts are combined in an effective dose ratio to evaluate analgesic activity. This combination has not been previously utilized by Unani practitioners. Three unprocessed herbs (Ginger, Colchicum, and Nux vomica) were separated using hydro-alcoholic (50-50%) and aqueous solvents. Every extract, including aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts, had its established LD50. To create aqueous and hydro-alcoholic dosage forms, the corresponding extracts were now combined in an efficient dosage ratio. Analgesic effectiveness of both formulations (aqueous and hydro-alcoholic) is assessed using Eddy\u27s hot plate test, analgesiometer test, and formalin test. The reference drug diclofenac sodium was used to examine the effectiveness. The groups administered either the standard dose or the test drug had the highest increase in reaction time at 120 minutes in Eddy\u27s hot plate test. The degree of significance was p<0.001 with a larger dose of aqueous extract (1100 mg/kg), therefore maximum tolerance of pain was observed. The combination containing the larger dose of hydro-alcoholic extract (580 mg/kg) had the longest reaction time (4.97 seconds) on the analgesiometer at 75 minutes. The flinches at 14.81 seconds in the formalin test were considerably lessened by the larger dose of the aqueous extract (1100 mg/kg) than by the lower dose (P<0.05). In summary, our research validates the analgesic properties of polyherbal extracts combination. As a result, when used together, these medications have the potential to effectively treat acute, subacute, and chronic nociception. Thus, suitable dosage formulations for the treatment of algesia may be created in the future

Synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles via the green route act as antagonists to pathogenic root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita

This investigation explains the green synthesis, characterization and biocontrol potential of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) against second-stage juveniles (J2s) of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infesting chickpea. Mono-disperse, spherical, pure CuONPs were synthesized from Jatropha curcas leaf with particle sizes ranging from 5 to 15 nm in diameter. Antagonistic activities of synthesized CuONPs were studied against Meloidogyne incognita. The highest mortality of J2s was found in the 200 ppm concentration of CuONPs at 24 h of exposure. The exact concentration also showed maximum inhibition of J2s hatching from egg masses after six days of exposure. It was worth noting that 25 ppm concentration was the least effective. The pot experiment showed that CuONPs significantly reduced the root infection caused by M. incognita and enhanced chickpea plants’ growth and physiological attributes (Chlorophyll and carotenoid content). The results depicted when the concentration of CuONPs was increased, J2s mortality rate was also increased. We highlighted the antinematode influence of green synthesized CuONPs. Thus, it will offer an excellent eco-friendly strategy to optimize yield under pathogens attack and provide prospects of green synthesized-based nanoparticles development for pests control. Plants mediated CuONPs will also help in resolving the current toxicity concerns and future challenges in the agriculture

SCOPE OF PHARMACIST ON FUTURE ASPECT

Pharmacy is a profession started in India early in 20th Century. Since then, it has undergone many changes educationally and professionally. The Profession of Pharmacy is Associate in Nursing integral a part of the aid system worldwide. Pharmacies are a well-organized follow will go an extended way to ensure quality health care for the patient. In past, pharmacists were answerable for dispensing medications solely. Slowly, the normal role of pharmacists is increasing and currently pharmacists are enjoying a significant role team member within the direct care of patients, especially the new generation pharmacists World Health Organization have Pharm. D. in the future, innovations in the discovery and development of newer medicine and dosage forms are used and personalized pharmacotherapy are propagated. The future pharmacist needs to bear in mind of those developments to advise the doctor and the patient to be a competent partner within the healthcare team. At the same time, the drug restrictive authorities in Republic of India and medical professionals have to be compelled to recognize the contribution of the pill pusher to society. Only then can the noble pharmacy profession be able to reach the level of greatness it deserves. Keywords: druggist, India, patient counseling, future, and unemployment

Effect of individual, simultaneous and sequential inoculation of pseudomonas fluorescens and meloidogyne incognita on growth, biochemical, enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum l.)

This study was conducted on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. K-21) to investigate the bioprotective nature of Pseudomonas fluorescens and its interactive effects with Meloidogyne incognita in terms of growth biomarkers, changes in biochemical attributes and modulation in antioxidant enzymes of the tomato plant. In this study, we grew tomato plants with M. incognita and P. fluorescens in separate pots, simultaneously and sequentially (15 days prior or post) after 15 days of seed sowing. The sequential inoculation of Mi15→Pf maximally increased the root-knot index and decreased the nematode population. It was also noted that inoculation suppressed the plant growth biomarkers in comparison to control. However, maximum suppression in nematode reproduction and increment in growth and physiological attributes were observed when P. fluorescens was applied 15 days prior to the nematode (Pf15→Mi) as compared to control. All the treatments showed an increase in antioxidant enzymes. Expression of phenol content and defensive enzymes such as peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased, in contrast to a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) contents when compared with the untreated inoculated plants. However, the highest levels of POX and SOD, and a lowest of phenol, MDA and H2 O2 were displayed in the treatment Pf15→Mi, followed by Mi+Pf and Mi15→Pf

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations

Global mortality from dementia : Application of a new method and results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Introduction Dementia is currently one of the leading causes of mortality globally, and mortality due to dementia will likely increase in the future along with corresponding increases in population growth and population aging. However, large inconsistencies in coding practices in vital registration systems over time and between countries complicate the estimation of global dementia mortality. Methods We meta-analyzed the excess risk of death in those with dementia and multiplied these estimates by the proportion of dementia deaths occurring in those with severe, end-stage disease to calculate the total number of deaths that could be attributed to dementia. Results We estimated that there were 1.62 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 0.41–4.21) deaths globally due to dementia in 2019. More dementia deaths occurred in women (1.06 million [0.27–2.71]) than men (0.56 million [0.14–1.51]), largely but not entirely due to the higher life expectancy in women (age-standardized female-to-male ratio 1.19 [1.10–1.26]). Due to population aging, there was a large increase in all-age mortality rates from dementia between 1990 and 2019 (100.1% [89.1–117.5]). In 2019, deaths due to dementia ranked seventh globally in all ages and fourth among individuals 70 and older compared to deaths from other diseases estimated in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Discussion Mortality due to dementia represents a substantial global burden, and is expected to continue to grow into the future as an older, aging population expands globally