Die Handelskosten von Sachsen

Die regionale Struktur und das Volumen der sächsischen Exporte und Importe erklären sich nicht nur durch die relativen Kostenunterschiede zwischen Sachsen und den Handelspartnern; mitentscheidend sind auch die Handelskosten für Exporte und Importe der sächsischen Wirtschaft. Unter Handelskosten werden Transportkosten, Kosten des Grenzübergangs der Ware und Distributionskosten, die im Empfängerland entstehen, verstanden. Jüngste empirische Arbeiten zu Kosten im internationalen Handel zeigen ein überraschendes Ergebnis: Für die OECD-Staaten entstehen im Durchschnitt Handelskosten, die einem Aufschlag von über 170 % entsprechen. Handelskosten können als Aufschlag, d. h. als ein Wertzoll aufgefasst werden. Unser Beitrag verwendet einen neuen Handelskostenindex, um die Handelskosten in Form eines Zolläquivalents für die sächsische Wirtschaft zu ermitteln. Im Jahr 1992 lag der durchschnittliche gewichtete Aufschlag für mit Sachsen gehandelte Waren bei 1,70. Im Jahr 2008 nahm dieser Aufschlag der Handelskosten in etwa den Wert eins an. Damit muss zum ursprünglichen Warenwert noch einmal der gleiche Wert für die Kosten des Handels aufgebracht werden.Außenwirtschaft; Transaktionskosten; Transportkosten; Informationskosten; Außenhandelsbeschränkung; Vergleich; Sachsen; OECD-Staaten

Numerical and Physical Study on the Energy Dissipation at Inflatable Gates

Inflatable gates have a number of advantages when compared with standard steel gates. In case of flood the rubber membrane is deflated to a flat structure and placed on the weir sill. This paper deals with the energy dissipation at inflated gates, in particular the influence of the weir sill on the design of the stilling basin with respect to the described boundary conditions. Numerical investigations were carried out using OpenFOAM (Open source Field Operation And Manipulation). Additionally, experiments were performed in a physical model. The hydraulic characteristic of low Froude hydraulic jump, turbulent flow structures and the energy dissipation mechanism during overflow are presented and discussed

Investigations on the Usefulness of CEACAMs as Potential Imaging Targets for Molecular Imaging Purposes

Members of the carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) family are the prototype of tumour markers. Classically they are used as serum markers, however, CEACAMs could serve as targets for molecular imaging as well. In order to test the anti CEACAM monoclonal antibody T84.1 for imaging purposes, CEACAM expression was analysed using this antibody. Twelve human cancer cell lines from different entities were screened for their CEACAM expression using qPCR, Western Blot and FACS analysis. In addition, CEACAM expression was analyzed in primary tumour xenografts of these cells. Nine of 12 tumour cell lines expressed CEACAM mRNA and protein when grown in vitro. Pancreatic and colon cancer cell lines showed the highest expression levels with good correlation of mRNA and protein level. However, when grown in vivo, the CEACAM expression was generally downregulated except for the melanoma cell lines. As the CEACAM expression showed pronounced expression in FemX-1 primary tumours, this model system was used for further experiments. As the accessibility of the antibody after i.v. application is critical for its use in molecular imaging, the binding of the T84.1 monoclonal antibody was assessed after i.v. injection into SCID mice harbouring a FemX-1 primary tumour. When applied i.v., the CEACAM specific T84.1 antibody bound to tumour cells in the vicinity of blood vessels. This binding pattern was particularly pronounced in the periphery of the tumour xenograft, however, some antibody binding was also observed in the central areas of the tumour around blood vessels. Still, a general penetration of the tumour by i.v. application of the anti CEACAM antibody could not be achieved despite homogenous CEACAM expression of all melanoma cells when analysed in tissue sections. This lack of penetration is probably due to the increased interstitial fluid pressure in tumours caused by the absence of functional lymphatic vessels.Germany. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (TOMCAT, grant number 01EZ0824

Ein Verb sagt mehr als 1000 Worte: Zur wahrgenommenen Verursachung von interpersonalen Ereignissen unter Berücksichtigung von Geschlechtsrollenstereotypen

Verbs, which describe interpersonal events, exist in every language of the world. Examples are to help, to love, to condemn, or to beat. These interpersonal verbs induce causal attributions to either of the interaction partners; this phenomenon is called “implicit causality in language”. In the present study different approaches of explanations of this phenomenon are examined as well as the assumption, that different interpersonal verbs suggest different assumptions about the sex of the interaction partners involved. Results are discussed against the background of actual theories of implicit causality in language.Verben, die zwischenmenschliche Ereignisse beschreiben, existieren in jeder Sprache der Welt. Beispiele sind helfen, lieben, verachten, bewundern, behindern oder auslachen. Diese sogenannten interpersonalen Verben führen zu systematischen Ursachenzuschreibungen auf einen der beiden Interaktionspartner; dieses Phänomen wird als „implizite Kausalität in Sprache“ bezeichnet. In der vorliegenden Studie werden verschiedene Erklärungsansätze für dieses Phänomen ebenso geprüft wie die Annahme, dass verschiedene interpersonale Verben zu unterschiedlichen Annahmen über das Geschlecht der beteiligten Interaktionspartner nahelegen. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund der gegenwärtigen Theorien zur impliziten Kausalität in Sprache diskutiert

High-Affinity Inhibitors of Human NAD+-Dependent 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase: Mechanisms of Inhibition and Structure-Activity Relationships

BACKGROUND: 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH, EC 1.1.1.141) is the key enzyme for the inactivation of prostaglandins, regulating processes such as inflammation or proliferation. The anabolic pathways of prostaglandins, especially with respect to regulation of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes have been studied in detail; however, little is known about downstream events including functional interaction of prostaglandin-processing and -metabolizing enzymes. High-affinity probes for 15-PGDH will, therefore, represent important tools for further studies. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To identify novel high-affinity inhibitors of 15-PGDH we performed a quantitative high-throughput screen (qHTS) by testing >160 thousand compounds in a concentration-response format and identified compounds that act as noncompetitive inhibitors as well as a competitive inhibitor, with nanomolar affinity. Both types of inhibitors caused strong thermal stabilization of the enzyme, with cofactor dependencies correlating with their mechanism of action. We solved the structure of human 15-PGDH and explored the binding modes of the inhibitors to the enzyme in silico. We found binding modes that are consistent with the observed mechanisms of action. CONCLUSIONS: Low cross-reactivity in screens of over 320 targets, including three other human dehydrogenases/reductases, suggest selectivity of the present inhibitors for 15-PGDH. The high potencies and different mechanisms of action of these chemotypes make them a useful set of complementary chemical probes for functional studies of prostaglandin-signaling pathways. ENHANCED VERSION: This article can also be viewed as an enhanced version in which the text of the article is integrated with interactive 3D representations and animated transitions. Please note that a web plugin is required to access this enhanced functionality. Instructions for the installation and use of the web plugin are available in Text S2

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in root s(NN)=2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions

We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as nu(ch)(2) (jet). Jet finding is performed employing the anti-k(T) algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero nu(ch)(2) (jet) is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50% centrality) for 20 <p(T)(ch) (jet) <90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the nu(2) of single charged particles at high p(T). Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe