Η caccia του Trecento: Μία συγκριτική προσέγγιση

Η παρούσα εργασία ασχολείται με το είδος caccia του 14ου αιώνα, στο ιταλικό ύφος Trecento. Γίνεται μία συγκριτική προσέγγιση του σωζόμενου ρεπερτορίου, με σκοπό τις παρατηρήσεις σχετικές με τα επιμέρους στοιχεία των cacce, την σύγκριση με βάση τα κείμενα και την δομή τους, αλλά και την σύγκριση του ύφους του κάθε συνθέτη. Αρχικά στην εργασία, γίνεται μία γενική ιστορική ανασκόπηση στο μουσικό γίγνεσθαι της Ιταλίας του 14ου αιώνα, ενώ μελετάει και πιο συγκεκριμένα την ιστορική πλευρά του είδους της caccia του Trecento. Στο δεύτερο μέρος παρουσιάζεται η δομή και τα κυριότερα χαρακτηριστικά που βρίσκονται στις συνθέσεις cacce, όπως δίνονται οι πληροφορίες από την σχετική βιβλιογραφία. Εξετάζεται επίσης και η περίπτωση της caccia-μαδριγάλι, τα κύρια δομικά στοιχεία της, αλλά και οι βασικές διαφορές της με το μαδριγάλι του Trecento. Στην τρίτη ενότητα της εργασίας παρουσιάζεται η προσωπική μελέτη και εξέταση του σωζόμενου ρεπερτορίου, η οποία έγινε μέσω της ανάλυσης επιλεγμένων κομματιών, από μεταγραφή τους στην σύγχρονη σημειογραφία. Γίνεται προσπάθεια να συγκριθούν τα κομμάτια μεταξύ τους, να σχηματιστούν μέχρι ένα βαθμό κατηγορίες ανάλογα με τα χαρακτηριστικά των κομματιών, όπως επίσης και να απομονωθούν στοιχεία που χαρακτηρίζουν τα σχετικά κομμάτια κάθε συνθέτη. Με βάση το υλικό που δίνουν οι αναλύσεις, στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο καταγράφονται τα γενικά συμπεράσματα για το είδος, αλλά και για το μουσικό ύφος των συνθετών ως προς την αντιμετώπισή τους στο συγκεκριμένο είδος. Επίσης, παρουσιάζεται η σύγκριση μεταξύ των δύο διαφορετικών μελοποιήσεων του Chon brachi assai. Τέλος, υπάρχει παράρτημα με τα ιταλικά κείμενα, όπως ακριβώς τα βρίσκουμε στις εκδόσεις από όπου αντλήθηκαν οι παρτιτούρες.This thesis is about the 14th century caccia, of the Italian style “Trecento”. A comparative approach is made to the extant repertoire, aiming to the observation of the the individual elements of cacce, the comparison based on the texts and their structure, but also the comparison of the style of each composer. Initially in the paper, there is a general historical review of the musical scene of Italy of the 14th century, while studying more specifically the historical side of the genre of Trecento caccia. In the second part, there is the topic of the structure and the main features found in cacce compositions, as the information from the relevant literature is given. There is also the case of caccia-madrigali, its main structural elements, as well as its main differences with the plain madrigal of Trecento. The third section of the paper presents the personal study and examination of the extant repertoire, which was done through the analysis of selected pieces, from their transcription in modern notation. An attempt is made to compare the pieces with each other, to form categories according to the characteristics of the tracks, as well as to isolate elements that characterize the cacce pieces of each composer. Based on the material given by the analyses, in the last chapter are recorded the general conclusions about the genre, but also about the musical style of the composers as of how they deal with the caccia genre. Also, there is the comparison between the two different versions of Chon brachi assai. Finally, there is an appendix with the Italian texts, as we find them in the editions from which the scores were drawn

Anatomical and Surgical Principles of Ventral Hernia Repairs

Hernias comprise a growing problem in surgical science. The most recent classification scheme for hernias emphasizes on the size of defect as well as on whether it is an incisional hernia. The latter group includes complex hernias, namely hernias that can not be managed with simple surgical techniques. This can be accomplished with retromuscular repairs or the more complex anterior and posterior component separation techniques. An anatomic repair is usually reinforced with interposition of mesh. Newest techniques, such as the use of botulinum toxin to induce temporary paralysis of the lateral abdominal wall musculature, referred to as chemical component separation, now present new tools in the restoration of anatomy-based repairs. The chapter entitled “Anatomical and surgical principles of ventral hernia repairs” aims to describe the anatomical and surgical principles of current practice regarding the repair of ventral -primary and incisional-hernias

Screening archaeological bone for palaeogenetic and palaeoproteomic studies.

The recovery and analysis of ancient DNA and protein from archaeological bone is time-consuming and expensive to carry out, while it involves the partial or complete destruction of valuable or rare specimens. The fields of palaeogenetic and palaeoproteomic research would benefit greatly from techniques that can assess the molecular quality prior to sampling. To be relevant, such screening methods should be effective, minimally-destructive, and rapid. This study reports results based on spectroscopic (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance [FTIR-ATR]; n = 266), palaeoproteomic (collagen content; n = 226), and palaeogenetic (endogenous DNA content; n = 88) techniques. We establish thresholds for three different FTIR indices, a) the infrared splitting factor [IRSF] that assesses relative changes in bioapatite crystals' size and homogeneity; b) the carbonate-to-phosphate [C/P] ratio as a relative measure of carbonate content in bioapatite crystals; and c) the amide-to-phosphate ratio [Am/P] for assessing the relative organic content preserved in bone. These thresholds are both extremely reliable and easy to apply for the successful and rapid distinction between well- and poorly-preserved specimens. This is a milestone for choosing appropriate samples prior to genomic and collagen analyses, with important implications for biomolecular archaeology and palaeontology

The genomic origins of the world’s first farmers

The precise genetic origins of the first Neolithic farming populations in Europe and Southwest Asia, as well as the processes and the timing of their differentiation, remain largely unknown. Demogenomic modeling of high-quality ancient genomes reveals that the early farmers of Anatolia and Europe emerged from a multiphase mixing of a Southwest Asian population with a strongly bottlenecked western hunter-gatherer population after the last glacial maximum. Moreover, the ancestors of the first farmers of Europe and Anatolia went through a period of extreme genetic drift during their westward range expansion, contributing highly to their genetic distinctiveness. This modeling elucidates the demographic processes at the root of the Neolithic transition and leads to a spatial interpretation of the population history of Southwest Asia and Europe during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene.Open access articleThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans

Farming and sedentism first appeared in southwestern Asia during the early Holocene and later spread to neighboring regions, including Europe, along multiple dispersal routes. Conspicuous uncertainties remain about the relative roles of migration, cultural diffusion, and admixture with local foragers in the early Neolithization of Europe. Here we present paleogenomic data for five Neolithic individuals from northern Greece and northwestern Turkey spanning the time and region of the earliest spread of farming into Europe. We use a novel approach to recalibrate raw reads and call genotypes from ancient DNA and observe striking genetic similarity both among Aegean early farmers and with those from across Europe. Our study demonstrates a direct genetic link between Mediterranean and Central European early farmers and those of Greece and Anatolia, extending the European Neolithic migratory chain all the way back to southwestern Asia

Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans

Farming and sedentism first appeared in southwestern Asia during the early Holocene and later spread to neighboring regions, including Europe, along multiple dispersal routes. Conspicuous uncertainties remain about the relative roles of migration, cultural diffusion, and admixture with local foragers in the early Neolithization of Europe. Here we present paleogenomic data for five Neolithic individuals from northern Greece and northwestern Turkey spanning the time and region of the earliest spread of farming into Europe. We use a novel approach to recalibrate raw reads and call genotypes from ancient DNA and observe striking genetic similarity both among Aegean early farmers and with those from across Europe. Our study demonstrates a direct genetic link between Mediterranean and Central European early farmers and those of Greece and Anatolia, extending the European Neolithic migratory chain all the way back to southwestern Asia

Histology of 24 organs from Asian elephant calves (Elephas maximus)

Background Elephants are the largest and heaviest living terrestrial animals, but information on their histology is still lacking. This study provides a unique insight into the elephant’s organs and also provides a comparison between juvenile Asian elephants and adult Asian elephants or other species. Here we report on the histological structure of 24 organs, including the skin, brain (cerebrum, cerebellar hemisphere, vermis, thalamus, midbrain), spinal cord, sciatic nerve, striated skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, bone (flat bone and long bone), cartilage (hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage), heart (right atrium, right ventricle), blood vessels (aorta, pulmonary artery and caudal vena cava), trunk, trachea, lung, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum), liver and pancreas, kidney, ovary, uterus (body and horn) and spleen of two juvenile Asian elephants. Methods Tissue sections were stained with Harris’s hematoxylin and eosin Y. Results While almost all structures were similar to those of other species or adult elephants, some structures were different from other mammalian species, such as: plexiform bone was found in flat bone only; a thin trachealismuscle was observed in the trachea; and no serous or mucinous glands were found in the submucosa of the trachea. Discussion Histological information from various organs can serve as an important foundation of basal data for future microanatomical studies, and help in the diagnosis and pathogenesis in sick elephants or those with an unknown cause of death

Diagenesis of archaeological bone and tooth

An understanding of the structural complexity of mineralised tissues is fundamental for exploration into the field of diagenesis. Here we review aspects of current and past research on bone and tooth diagenesis using the most comprehensive collection of literature on diagenesis to date. Environmental factors such as soil pH, soil hydrology and ambient temperature, which influence the preservation of skeletal tissues are assessed, while the different diagenetic pathways such as microbial degradation, loss of organics, mineral changes, and DNA degradation are surveyed. Fluctuating water levels in and around the bone is the most harmful for preservation and lead to rapid skeletal destruction. Diagenetic mechanisms are found to work in conjunction with each other, altering the biogenic composition of skeletal material. This illustrates that researchers must examine multiple diagenetic pathways to fully understand the post-mortem interactions of archaeological skeletal material and the burial environment