Tropos: teorias monocategoriales versus teorias bicategoriales

The fact that particulars instantiate properties has received two different kinds of explanation employing tropes. On the one hand, Campbell's theory of tropes makes use of just one kind of basic entity. On the other hand, Martin's theory appeals to two different sorts of basic entities. Ontological economy regards notwithstanding, Martin's theory offers a better prospect for the task of giving a satisfactory answer to the main objections that have been posed against trope theory in general. I will discuss some problems concerning regressa and the spatio-temporal location of tropes

Effects of tariffs and real exchange rates on job reallocation: evidence from Latin America

Openness to international competition can lead to enhanced resource allocation in the long-run. While factor reallocation is essential if net benefits are to be derived from trade liberalization, the process generates costs both for transitioning workers and for employers undergoing personnel turnover. Net welfare gains depend on adjustment costs. Understanding of these issues has been hampered by data limitations. In this paper, we overcome some of these limitations by using new, harmonized measures on job creation and destruction for a number of countries in Latin America. We use these new series to investigate the impact of the removal of protectionism on net employment and gross job reallocation in Latin America. We find a robust pattern showing that reductions in tariffs and exchange rate appreciations increase the pace of job reallocation within sectors. We also find, however, some evidence of declining net employment as trade exposure increases. For example, we find some evidence that in the wake of tariff reductions, there is lower net employment growth. <br><br> Keywords; tariff reduction, currency appreciation, trade exposure, intra-industry reallocation <br><br> JEL Classification: F160, F310, O240

Porin flexibility in Providencia stuartii: Cell-surface-exposed loops L5 and L7 are markers of Providencia porin OmpPst1

Epidemiologically unrelated Providencia stuartii strains isolated in hospitals in the south of France were investigated for their porin sequences and profiles. Noticeable resistance to β-lactams was found to be associated with production of extended spectrum β-lactamases or AmpC overproduction, but not metallo-β-lactamases. At the same time, the expression level of outer membrane porins was unmodified in these isolates. The identity of the amino acid sequences of the major porin OmpPst1 was less than 90% in the tested clinical strains, whereas sequences of the second major porin OmpPst2 were found to be identical in all isolates. Sequence diversity identified in the OmpPst1 porins was mainly located in two cell-surface-exposed loops (L5 and L7): these loops were found to be responsible for 80% of the main movements of the protein. Parallel tempering MD simulations indicated possible coordinated movement of these loops that might affect the electrostatic interaction of the porin with membrane components (e.g. LPS) or with external molecules/surfaces. This suggests that such flexibility of surface-exposed domains of OmpPst1 may participate in bacterial adaptation to the environment