WHAT WE, BELGIAN’S, CONSIDER TO BE MARKETING

As we are foreign students who will be graduating this June in the field of Business management (Marketing) we wanted to share our knowledge and vision with our fellow Romanian students therefore did we write the following article. We consider marketing to be a universal common language and we strongly hope that our view on this matter will enlighten your entrepreneurial spirit.marketing, marketing mix, product life cycle, swot analysis

La doctrine et les codes – Quelques réflexions d’un civiliste français

Dans les deux grandes familles de codifications, c’est-à-dire, d’une part, la codification administrative et, d’autre part, la codification normative, la doctrine ne joue aucun rôle dans l’élaboration de la première, alors que son influence est décisive dans la seconde. Il peut même être affirmé que l’une des conditions d’édiction d’une telle codification est l’existence d’une doctrine suffisante. Les projets de code civil européen ou de code européen des obligations ne pourront ainsi se concrétiser qu’après l’élaboration d’une doctrine suffisante, qui est en cours. La doctrine joue aussi un rôle après l’entrée en vigueur des codes, quelles que soient leurs natures, mais, dans un premier temps, son rôle n’est pas très différent de celui qu’elle assume lorsqu’elle examine des règles non codifiées ; elle interprète. Les règles contenues dans les codes changeant cependant avec le temps, la doctrine cherche à maintenir la cohérence de l’ensemble, sauf à redevenir, dans un second temps, une force de proposition dont les travaux sont de nature à convaincre le pouvoir normatif de la nécessité ou de l’utilité de procéder à une recodification. La codification apparaît en définitive indissociable de la doctrine, même si les représentants de celle-ci n’en ont pas nécessairement conscience.In the two large families of codifications, namely administrative codification and normative codification, doctrines of law do not play any role in the development of the former, while their influence is decisive in the latter. It may even be asserted that one of the conditions of enacting such a codification is the existence of an adequate doctrinal basis. As such, the projects for a European Civil Code or a European Code of Obligations may only materialize once adequate doctrine has been developed, which is currently underway. The systematic formulations of doctrine also play an important role once the codes are in force, of whatever nature they may be ; yet initially the role of doctrine is not much different from the one it assumes when examining non-codified rules : it interprets. In time, the rules in codes evolve while doctrine attempts to ensure overall consistency ; then further on in time, the workings of doctrine serve as a driving force to convince the normative power of the need or utility for proceeding with re-codification. It may be concluded then that codification after all seems to be inseparable from doctrine, even if the authors of doctrine are not necessarily aware of this dynamic tandem in evolution

Fluoxetine reduces murine graft-versus-host disease by induction of T cell immunosuppression

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are widely used drugs in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. Although SRIs are generally regarded as safe drugs with relatively few side effects, literature suggests that high concentrations of SRIs may alter immune function. We investigated whether high-dose treatment with fluoxetine was able to suppress acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in a MHC-matched, minor histocompatibility antigen mismatched murine bone marrow transplantation model. We found that high doses fluoxetine induce a significant reduction of clinical symptoms and increase survival of these animals. The amelioration of clinical GvHD was accompanied by a reduced expansion of alloreactive T cells. We further analyzed the direct in vitro effect of six SRIs on the viability and proliferation of human T cells and found an anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect that was significantly larger in activated than in resting T cells. We discuss these results in the light of potential future exploration of SRIs as a novel class of T cell immunosuppressive drugs

Solvent effect modelling of isocyanuric products synthesis by chemometric methods

Chemometric tools were used to generate the modelling of solvent e¡ects on the N-alkylation of an isocyanuric acid salt. The method proceeded from a central composite design applied on the Carlson solvent classification using principal components analysis. The selectivity of the reaction was studied from the production of different substituted isocyanuric derivatives. Response graphs were obtained for each compound and used to devise a strategy for solvent selection. The prediction models were validated and used to search for the best selectivity for the reaction system. The solvent most often selected as the best for the reaction is the N,N-dimethylformamide

Defective CD4(+)CD25(+ )regulatory T cell functioning in collagen-induced arthritis: an important factor in pathogenesis, counter-regulated by endogenous IFN-γ

Mice with a deficiency in IFN-γ or IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR) are more susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an experimental autoimmune disease that relies on the use of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Here we report that the heightened susceptibility of IFN-γR knock-out (KO) mice is associated with a functional impairment of CD4(+)CD25(+ )T(reg )cells. Treatment of wild-type mice with depleting anti-CD25 antibody after CFA-assisted immunisation with collagen type II (CII) significantly accelerated the onset of arthritis and increased the severity of CIA. This is an indication of a role of T(reg )cells in the effector phase of CIA. IFN-γR deficiency did not affect the number of CD4(+)CD25(+ )T cells in the central and peripheral lymphoid tissues. In addition, CD4(+)CD25(+ )T cells isolated from naive IFN-γR KO mice had a normal potential to suppress T cell proliferation in vitro. However, after immunisation with CII in CFA, the suppressive activity of CD4(+)CD25(+ )T cells became significantly more impaired in IFN-γR-deficient mice. Moreover, expression of the mRNA for Foxp3, a highly specific marker for T(reg )cells, was lower. We further demonstrated that the effect of endogenous IFN-γ, which accounts for more suppressive activity in wild-type mice, concerns both T(reg )cells and accessory cells. Our results demonstrate that the decrease in T(reg )cell activity in CIA is counter-regulated by endogenous IFN-γ