Third generation of Jews after the Holocaust in the novel Pensjonat and short story Manuskrypt Izaaka Feldwurma written by Piotr Paziński

Niniejsza praca poświęcona jest próbie wytworzenia podstawowej charakterystyki pokolenia wnuków osób ocalonych z Zagłady na podstawie powieści Piotra Pazińskiego Pensjonat oraz opowiadania Manuskrypt Izaaka Feldwurma. Pierwszy rozdział jest wprowadzeniem w kategorię pamięci, a także opisem doświadczeń głównego bohatera książki. W drugiej części autorka stara się zdefiniować język trzeciego pokolenia, analizując go strategią widmontologiczną oraz holokaustowym imaginarium.This given thesis is devoted to create the basic characteristics of the generation of grandchildren of Holocaust survivors based on the novel Pensjonat and short story Manuskrypt Izaaka Feldwurma written by Piotr Paziński. First chapter introduces into the basic issues connected with a problem of memory and is a description of the main characters experience. Second chapter is a try to define language of the third generation using hauntological strategy and terms connected with Holocaust imagination

Intraguild interactions between spiders and ants and top-down control in a grassland food web

Sanders D, Platner C. Intraguild interactions between spiders and ants and top-down control in a grassland food web. Oecologia. 2007;150(4):611-624.In most terrestrial ecosystems ants (Formicidae) as eusocial insects and spiders (Araneida) as solitary trappers and hunters are key predators. To study the role of predation by these generalist predators in a dry grassland, we manipulated densities of ants and spiders (natural and low density) in a two-factorial field experiment using fenced plots. The experiment revealed strong intraguild interactions between ants and spiders. Higher densities of ants negatively affected the abundance and biomass of web-building spiders. The density of Linyphiidae was threefold higher in plots without ant colonies. The abundance of Formica cunicularia workers was significantly higher in spider-removal plots. Also, population size of springtails (Collembola) was negatively affected by the presence of wandering spiders. Ants reduced the density of Lepidoptera larvae. In contrast, the abundance of coccids (Ortheziidae) was positively correlated with densities of ants. To gain a better understanding of the position of spiders, ants and other dominant invertebrate groups in the studied food web and important trophic links, we used a stable isotope analysis (N-15 and C-13). Adult wandering spiders were more enriched in N-15 relative to N-14 than juveniles, indicating a shift to predatory prey groups. Juvenile wandering and web-building spiders showed delta N-15 ratios just one trophic level above those of Collembola, and they had similar delta C-13 values, indicating that Collembola are an important prey group for ground living spiders. The effects of spiders demonstrated in the field experiment support this result. We conclude that the food resource of spiders in our study system is largely based on the detrital food web and that their effects on herbivores are weak. The effects of ants are not clear-cut and include predation as well as mutualism with herbivores. Within this diverse predator guild, intraguild interactions are important structuring forces