Développer la capacité des conseillers à agir face à la diversité des situations de conseil en grande culture

Face aux enjeux d’une transition agro-écologique, le conseil en grande culture s’ouvre à de nouvelles formes de raisonnement agronomique et implique de nouvelles compétences, ou plus exactement de nouvelles capacités à agir des conseillers. Les auteurs proposent une analyse de l’activité de conseil destiné à comprendre l’origine des difficultés que les conseillers rencontrent dans leurs interactions avec les agriculteurs, en postulant que de nouvelles capacités à agir se développent dans une réflexion de ces difficultés. En comparant trois situations de conseil réalisées par un même conseiller, les auteurs pointent les réussites ou les défauts de coordination et identifient ce que le conseiller peut faire évoluer dans la construction de son action de conseil.Arable farming advisors have to develop new agronomic reasoning and new skills to address the challenges of an agro-ecological transition. To support this professional development, we propose an analytical framework of the advisory activity. It stresses the operations carried out by an advisor in order to orient his performance and highlights the need for the advisor to reflect on his way to co-ordinate with his environment and ”the others” for building a common action. We analyse three advisory situations and show that this framework enables us to identify the obstacles met in the coordination process and in the coupling of the advisor’s activity and the situation. We discuss how such results can support a reflexive process oriented towards the professional development of the advisors

Dengue serosurvey after a 2-month long outbreak in Nîmes, France, 2015: was there more than met the eye?

BackgroundClusters of dengue cases have recently become more frequent in areas of southern France colonised by the vector mosquito Aedes albopictus. In July 2015, a 2-month outbreak of dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) was reported in Nîmes. Aim: We conducted a serosurvey in the affected area at the end of the vector activity period to determine the true extent of dengue transmission. Methods: We collected capillary blood from consenting household members, and information on their medical and travel histories, and exposure to mosquito bites. Recent infections were identified using IgM and IgG anti-DENV ELISA, followed, when positive, by plaque reduction neutralisation tests on serum against DENV 1-4 and West Nile virus. The prevalence estimator was calibrated on reference demographic data. We quantified the spatial clustering of dengue cases within the affected community and inferred the transmission tree. Results: The study participation rate was 39% (564/1,431). Three of 564 participants tested positive for DENV-1 infection (after marginal calibration, 0.41%; 95% confidence interval: 0.00-0.84). The spatial analysis showed that cases were clustered at the household level. Most participants perceived the presence of mosquitos as abundant (83%) and reported frequent mosquito bites (57%). We incidentally identified six past West Nile virus infections (0.9%; 95% CI: 0.2-1.6). Conclusion: This serosurvey confirms the potential for arboviral diseases to cause outbreaks - albeit limited for now - in France and Europe

Séminaire e-DIADEM sur le thème TICE (Technologies de l\u27Information et de la Communication pour l\u27Enseignement) : usages en contexte

Le laboratoire Elico a organisé le 3 décembre 2007 le séminaire e-DIADEM sur le thème "TICE (Technologies de l\u27Information et de la Communication pour l\u27Enseignement) : usages en contexte". Organisé par les chercheurs du groupe e-DIADEM. Trois chercheurs externes au laboratoire Elico sont intervenus au cours du séminaire : Christine DEVELOTTE (INRP), Viviane GLIKMAN (CNAM), Hélène GODINET (INRP)

Tumor collagenase stimulatory factor (TCSF) expression and localization in human lung and breast cancers.

Tumor cell-derived collagenase stimulatory factor (TCSF) stimulates in vitro the biosynthesis of various matrix metalloproteinases involved in tumor invasion, such as interstitial collagenase, gelatinase A, and stromelysin 1. The expression of TCSF mRNAs was studied in vivo, using in situ hybridization and Northern blotting analysis, in seven normal tissues and in 22 squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, and in seven benign proliferations and in 22 ductal carcinomas of the mammary gland. By in situ hybridization, TCSF mRNAs were detected in 40 of 44 carcinomas, in pre-invasive and invasive cancer cells of both lung and breast cancers. TCSF mRNAs and gelatinase A mRNAs were both visualized in the same areas in serial sections in breast cancers, and were expressed by different cells, tumor cells, and fibroblasts. The histological results were confirmed by Northern blot analysis, which showed a higher expression of TCSF mRNAs in cancers than in benign and normal tissues. These observations support the hypothesis that TCSF is an important factor in lung and breast tumor progression

Comparison of Estetrol Exposure between Women and Mice to Model Preclinical Experiments and Anticipate Human Treatment.

peer reviewedEstetrol (E4) is a natural estrogen with promising therapeutic applications in humans. The European Medicines Agency and the Food and Drug Administration have approved the use of 15 mg E4/3 mg drospirenone for contraceptive indication. Phase III clinical trials with 15-20 mg E4 for the relief of climacteric complaints are currently running. Relevant data from preclinical animal models are needed to characterize the molecular mechanisms and the pharmacological effects of E4 and possibly to reveal new therapeutic applications and to anticipate potential adverse effects. Therefore, it is important to design experimental procedures in rodents that closely mimic or anticipate human E4 exposure. In this study, we compared the effects of E4 exposure after acute or chronic administration in women and mice. Women who received chronic E4 treatment per os at a dose of 15 mg once daily reached a steady state within 6 to 8 days, with a mean plasma concentration of 3.20 ng/mL. Importantly, with subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or oral administration of E4 in mice, a stable concentration over time that would mimic human pharmacokinetics could not be achieved. The use of osmotic minipumps continuously releasing E4 for several weeks provided an exposure profile mimicking chronic oral administration in women. Measurements of the circulating concentration of E4 in mice revealed that the mouse equivalent dose necessary to mimic human treatment does not fit with the allometric prediction. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of precise definition of the most appropriate dose and route of administration to utilize when developing predictive preclinical animal models to mimic or anticipate specific human treatment

Is (poly-) substance use associated with impaired inhibitory control? A mega-analysis controlling for confounders.

Many studies have reported that heavy substance use is associated with impaired response inhibition. Studies typically focused on associations with a single substance, while polysubstance use is common. Further, most studies compared heavy users with light/non-users, though substance use occurs along a continuum. The current mega-analysis accounted for these issues by aggregating individual data from 43 studies (3610 adult participants) that used the Go/No-Go (GNG) or Stop-signal task (SST) to assess inhibition among mostly "recreational" substance users (i.e., the rate of substance use disorders was low). Main and interaction effects of substance use, demographics, and task-characteristics were entered in a linear mixed model. Contrary to many studies and reviews in the field, we found that only lifetime cannabis use was associated with impaired response inhibition in the SST. An interaction effect was also observed: the relationship between tobacco use and response inhibition (in the SST) differed between cannabis users and non-users, with a negative association between tobacco use and inhibition in the cannabis non-users. In addition, participants' age, education level, and some task characteristics influenced inhibition outcomes. Overall, we found limited support for impaired inhibition among substance users when controlling for demographics and task-characteristics

Les marchés de la publication scientifique : Le cas de la chimie

The marketization of knowledge has been extensively studied through the prism of the science-industry relationship and the trade that scientists have with extra-academic organizations, but the contribution of the publishing infrastructure to the development of a knowledge economy remains less explored from this angle in the academic literature. While many works and opinion pieces have documented the dual movement from print to electronic media in the 1990s, which was accompanied by the establishment of an increasingly concentrated journal market dominated by a handful of large, for-profit publishers, the question of the journal business in sciences where "publishing enterprises" emanate from disciplinary scholarly societies, which are not commercial companies, remains a blind spot in the analysis. This is also the case for public policies that aim at transforming the scientific publishing system, such as Open Science, where the imposition of mandate is considered more important than disciplinary practices. Why, when and how have communities of researchers delegated the publishing infrastructure to the market? In turn, what does the marchandization of publication do to science, its practices, and the formats of articles and journals that circulate in these communities?Borrowing from the history of scientific publishing, STS and economic sociology, the thesis proposes five socio-historical narratives that consider the publication infrastructure in its economic dimension and take the complex (journal-scholarly society-disciplinary conference) as the object of research. It deals with the case of chemistry, a discipline organized in a vast "rhizome", whose publication infrastructure is based on professional norms and conventions where the article is, along with the patent, the main type of publication. It relies on a combination of sociological and historical methods in a multi-site approach and adopts a relational perspective that examines the logics and practices of actors in the social construction of the market. The thesis emphasizes the diverse dynamics and the collective, distributed and multifaceted nature of the processes. Drawing on the concept of market-agencement developed by Michel Callon, it highlights the paradoxical nature of a situation where, in order to solve a problem of internal transactions (circulation of knowledge, traceability of scientific recognition...), communities of researchers have delegated the publication infrastructure to market-agencements which themselves act and are thus the product of the scientific strategies they help to transformLa marchandisation des connaissances a été très étudiée sous le prisme de la relation science-industrie et du commerce que les scientifiques entretiennent avec des organisations extra-académiques mais la contribution de l’infrastructure de publication au développement d’une économie de la connaissance reste peu travaillée sous cet angle dans la littérature académique. Si de nombreux travaux et textes d’opinion ont documenté le double mouvement du passage de la presse écrite vers les médias électroniques dans les années 1990, qui s’est accompagné de la mise en place d’un marché des revues de plus en plus concentré, dominé par une poignée de grands publishers à but lucratif, la question du commerce des revues dans des sciences où les « entreprises d’édition » émanent de sociétés savantes disciplinaires, qui ne sont pas des sociétés commerciales, reste un point aveugle de l’analyse. C’est également le cas des politiques publiques visant à transformer le système de publication scientifique comme l’Open Science, pour lesquelles l’imposition du mandat est considérée plus importante que la pratique disciplinaire. Pourquoi, quand et comment des communautés de chercheurs ont-elles délégué l’infrastructure de publication au marché ? En retour, qu’est-ce que la marchandisation de la publication fait à la science, à ses pratiques, aux formats des articles et des revues qui circulent dans ces communautés ?Empruntant à l’histoire de l’édition, aux STS et à la sociologie économique, la thèse propose quatre récits socio-historiques qui considèrent l’infrastructure de publication dans sa dimension économique et prennent le complexe (revue-société savante-conférence disciplinaire) comme objet de recherche. Elle traite du cas de la chimie, une discipline organisée selon un vaste « rhizome », dont l’infrastructure de publication repose sur des normes et conventions professionnelles où l’article est, avec le brevet, le principal type de publication. Elle repose sur une combinaison de méthodes sociologiques et historiques dans une approche multisites et adopte une perspective relationnelle qui examine les logiques et les pratiques d’acteurs dans la construction sociale du marché. La thèse insiste sur les dynamiques diverses et sur le caractère collectif, distribué et multifacettes des processus. S’appuyant sur le concept d’agencement marchand développé par Michel Callon, elle souligne le caractère paradoxal d’une situation où, afin de régler un problème de transactions internes (circulation de la connaissance, traçabilité de la reconnaissance scientifique...) les communautés de chercheurs ont délégué l'infrastructure de publication à des agencements marchands qui eux-mêmes agissent et sont ainsi le produit des stratégies scientifiques qu'ils contribuent à transforme

Making markets for scientific publications : The case of chemistry

La marchandisation des connaissances a été très étudiée sous le prisme de la relation science-industrie et du commerce que les scientifiques entretiennent avec des organisations extra-académiques mais la contribution de l’infrastructure de publication au développement d’une économie de la connaissance reste peu travaillée sous cet angle dans la littérature académique. Si de nombreux travaux et textes d’opinion ont documenté le double mouvement du passage de la presse écrite vers les médias électroniques dans les années 1990, qui s’est accompagné de la mise en place d’un marché des revues de plus en plus concentré, dominé par une poignée de grands publishers à but lucratif, la question du commerce des revues dans des sciences où les « entreprises d’édition » émanent de sociétés savantes disciplinaires, qui ne sont pas des sociétés commerciales, reste un point aveugle de l’analyse. C’est également le cas des politiques publiques visant à transformer le système de publication scientifique comme l’Open Science, pour lesquelles l’imposition du mandat est considérée plus importante que la pratique disciplinaire. Pourquoi, quand et comment des communautés de chercheurs ont-elles délégué l’infrastructure de publication au marché ? En retour, qu’est-ce que la marchandisation de la publication fait à la science, à ses pratiques, aux formats des articles et des revues qui circulent dans ces communautés ?Empruntant à l’histoire de l’édition, aux STS et à la sociologie économique, la thèse propose quatre récits socio-historiques qui considèrent l’infrastructure de publication dans sa dimension économique et prennent le complexe (revue-société savante-conférence disciplinaire) comme objet de recherche. Elle traite du cas de la chimie, une discipline organisée selon un vaste « rhizome », dont l’infrastructure de publication repose sur des normes et conventions professionnelles où l’article est, avec le brevet, le principal type de publication. Elle repose sur une combinaison de méthodes sociologiques et historiques dans une approche multisites et adopte une perspective relationnelle qui examine les logiques et les pratiques d’acteurs dans la construction sociale du marché. La thèse insiste sur les dynamiques diverses et sur le caractère collectif, distribué et multifacettes des processus. S’appuyant sur le concept d’agencement marchand développé par Michel Callon, elle souligne le caractère paradoxal d’une situation où, afin de régler un problème de transactions internes (circulation de la connaissance, traçabilité de la reconnaissance scientifique...) les communautés de chercheurs ont délégué l'infrastructure de publication à des agencements marchands qui eux-mêmes agissent et sont ainsi le produit des stratégies scientifiques qu'ils contribuent à transformerThe marketization of knowledge has been extensively studied through the prism of the science-industry relationship and the trade that scientists have with extra-academic organizations, but the contribution of the publishing infrastructure to the development of a knowledge economy remains less explored from this angle in the academic literature. While many works and opinion pieces have documented the dual movement from print to electronic media in the 1990s, which was accompanied by the establishment of an increasingly concentrated journal market dominated by a handful of large, for-profit publishers, the question of the journal business in sciences where "publishing enterprises" emanate from disciplinary scholarly societies, which are not commercial companies, remains a blind spot in the analysis. This is also the case for public policies that aim at transforming the scientific publishing system, such as Open Science, where the imposition of mandate is considered more important than disciplinary practices. Why, when and how have communities of researchers delegated the publishing infrastructure to the market? In turn, what does the marchandization of publication do to science, its practices, and the formats of articles and journals that circulate in these communities?Borrowing from the history of scientific publishing, STS and economic sociology, the thesis proposes five socio-historical narratives that consider the publication infrastructure in its economic dimension and take the complex (journal-scholarly society-disciplinary conference) as the object of research. It deals with the case of chemistry, a discipline organized in a vast "rhizome", whose publication infrastructure is based on professional norms and conventions where the article is, along with the patent, the main type of publication. It relies on a combination of sociological and historical methods in a multi-site approach and adopts a relational perspective that examines the logics and practices of actors in the social construction of the market. The thesis emphasizes the diverse dynamics and the collective, distributed and multifaceted nature of the processes. Drawing on the concept of market-agencement developed by Michel Callon, it highlights the paradoxical nature of a situation where, in order to solve a problem of internal transactions (circulation of knowledge, traceability of scientific recognition...), communities of researchers have delegated the publication infrastructure to market-agencements which themselves act and are thus the product of the scientific strategies they help to transfor

It could be effective…: uncertainty and over-promotion in the abstracts of COVID-19 preprints

A defining feature of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on scholarly communication has been the brief and intense surge in the production of preprints. This has had significant impacts on the ways in which new research findings have been reported and communicated more broadly and the role played by abstracts in highlighting the meaning and value of new research. Based on a study of the language deployed in the abstracts of recently published COVID-19 preprints, Frédérique Bordignon, Liana Ermakova and Marianne Noël, argue two defining features of these abstracts are over-promotion and hedging, a deliberate ambiguity that suggests authors should pay greater attention to what they seek to communicate in their abstracts

Inflammation-Generated Extracellular Matrix Fragments Drive Lung Metastasis

Mechanisms explaining the propensity of a primary tumor to metastasize to a specific site still need to be unveiled, and clinical studies support a link between chronic inflammation and cancer dissemination to specific tissues. Using different mouse models, we demonstrate the role of inflammation-generated extracellular matrix fragments ac-PGP (N-acetyl-proline-glycine-proline) on tumor cells dissemination to lung parenchyma. In mice exposed to cigarette smoke or lipopolysaccharide, lung neutrophilic inflammation produces increased levels of MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) that contributes to collagen breakdown and allows the release of ac-PGP tripeptides. By silencing CXCR2 gene expression in tumor cells, we show that these generated ac-PGP tripeptides exert a chemotactic activity on tumor cells in vivo by binding CXCR2