Characterization of the largest relic Eurasian wild grapevine reservoir in Southern Iberian Peninsula

Wild grapevine is becoming a threatened species in the Iberian Peninsula due to human impacts. The aim of this work was to carry out a holistic study for six years of the largest wild grapevine population found up to date in SW Iberian Peninsula. This population has 115 vines. Ampelographic and soil characteristics have been studied. Evaluation of its environment has also been studied by describing the main parasitic species and natural enemies of pests. The ability of this plant material for its micropropagation and storage in slow-growth conditions has been tested. Microvinification resulted in a wine with good acidity and medium color intensity, two interesting characteristics under a warm climatology. Finally, the identification of private alleles in this wild population, absent in other locations from the Northern and Southern Iberian territories, is a very valuable feature and confirms the importance of establishing conservation programs. The population here studied is genetically unique and potentially useful for commercial rootstocks and cultivars breeding that would improve viticulture and enology

Pink-Colored Grape Berry Is the Result of Short Insertion in Intron of Color Regulatory Gene

We report here that pink grape berries were obtained by a short insertion in the intron of the MybA1 gene, a gene that regulates grape berry color. Genetic variation was detected among the MybA1 genes from grapes cultivated worldwide. PCR analysis of the MybA1 gene demonstrated that the size of the MybA1 gene in the red allele differs among grapes. Oriental V. vinifera bearing pink berries has the longest MybA1 gene among grapes, whereas the shortest MybA1 gene was detected in occidental V. vinifera grapes. The nucleotide sequences of the MybA1 genes demonstrated that oriental V. vinifera has two additional gene fragments (44 bp and 111 bp) in the promoter region of the MybA1 gene in the red allele and another 33 bp fragment in the second intron of the MybA1 gene in the red allele. The short insertion in the intron decreased the transcription activity in the model system and retained MybA1 transcripts with unspliced intron in the total RNA. From the experiments using deletion mutants of the 33 bp short insertion, 16 bp of the 3′ end in the insertion is a key structure for a defect in splicing of MybA1 transcripts. Thus, a weakly colored grape berry might be a result of the short insertion in the intron of a color regulatory gene. This is new evidence concerning the molecular mechanism of the fate of grape berry color. These findings are expected to contribute to the further understanding of the color variation in grape berries, which is correlated with the evolutional events occurring in the MybA1 gene of grapes

Genetic variability of berry size in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Background and Aims: Berry weight in the grapevine, as in the tomato, is variable, ranging from less than 1 g to10 g. In the tomato, berry weight depends on cell number and volume but also on carpel number. The aim of this work was to decipher the range of variation and to propose a role for subtraits possibly underlying berry size variation in a highly diverse collection of cultivated grapevines.Methods and Results: Cell division before and after anthesis and cell expansion after anthesis appeared to be the major determinants of flesh weight variation between cultivars. Carpel number varied between cultivars, with two and three carpels per ovary. This trait, however, and also the seed weight did not clearly contribute to berry size variation, although a positive correlation was found between seed weight and number and berry weight at the intragenotypic level, in agreement with previous results.Conclusions: This work deciphered the main anatomical factors underlying variation in berry size in Vitis vinifera;they involved both common fleshy fruits factors but also specific vine factors.Significance of the Study: Further studies of the variation in berry size of the the grape will be assisted by the anatomical factors identified in this study

Genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium and power of a large grapevine (Vitis vinifera L) diversity panel newly designed for association studies

UMR-AGAP Equipe DAVV (Diversité, adaptation et amélioration de la vigne) ; équipe ID (Intégration de Données)International audienceAbstractBackgroundAs for many crops, new high-quality grapevine varieties requiring less pesticide and adapted to climate change are needed. In perennial species, breeding is a long process which can be speeded up by gaining knowledge about quantitative trait loci linked to agronomic traits variation. However, due to the long juvenile period of these species, establishing numerous highly recombinant populations for high resolution mapping is both costly and time-consuming. Genome wide association studies in germplasm panels is an alternative method of choice, since it allows identifying the main quantitative trait loci with high resolution by exploiting past recombination events between cultivars. Such studies require adequate panel design to represent most of the available genetic and phenotypic diversity. Assessing linkage disequilibrium extent and panel power is also needed to determine the marker density required for association studies.ResultsStarting from the largest grapevine collection worldwide maintained in Vassal (France), we designed a diversity panel of 279 cultivars with limited relatedness, reflecting the low structuration in three genetic pools resulting from different uses (table vs wine) and geographical origin (East vs West), and including the major founders of modern cultivars. With 20 simple sequence repeat markers and five quantitative traits, we showed that our panel adequately captured most of the genetic and phenotypic diversity existing within the entire Vassal collection. To assess linkage disequilibrium extent and panel power, we genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms: 372 over four genomic regions and 129 distributed over the whole genome. Linkage disequilibrium, measured by correlation corrected for kinship, reached 0.2 for a physical distance between 9 and 458 Kb depending on genetic pool and genomic region, with varying size of linkage disequilibrium blocks. This panel achieved reasonable power to detect associations between traits with high broad-sense heritability (> 0.7) and causal loci with intermediate allelic frequency and strong effect (explaining > 10 % of total variance).ConclusionsOur association panel constitutes a new, highly valuable resource for genetic association studies in grapevine, and deserves dissemination to diverse field and greenhouse trials to gain more insight into the genetic control of many agronomic traits and their interaction with the environment

Representations of Social Entrepreneurship: From Business in the Social Sphere to Public Participation

Актуальность исследования обусловлена важностью роли социального предпринимателя в определении путей решения социальных проблем с опорой на сетевые взаимосвязи гражданского общества. Социальный предприниматель способен стать новым субъектом социальных преобразований, что акцентируется в рамках активистского подхода. Новые практики актуализируют проблему встраивания социальнопредпринимательской группы в общественную структуру и признания ее в качестве социально-значимой общности. В статье рассматриваются особенности репрезентаций социального предпринимательства в интернет-пространстве региона. Определены репрезентации его роли в деле социального преобразования. В качестве метода использован дискурс-анализ материалов, размещенных в интернет-СМИ и на официальных и специализированных сайтах о малом и среднем бизнесе Томской области. В ходе проведения дискурсивного анализа автор опирался на постструктуралистскую теорию Э. Лакло и Ш. Муфф, критический дискурс-анализ Н. Фэркло. Предметом дискурс-анализа послужили тексты и видео-материалы, размещенные в сети Интернет за период с 2012 по 2018 гг. (всего 98 источников). Структурирование образа социального предпринимательства основывалось на выявлении следующих смысловых единиц анализа: 1) смыслов «социального» и «предпринимательского» в деятельности субъекта; 2) характера идентификаций; 3) особенностей производимой социальными предпринимателями ценности. На основе анализа текстов были выявлены следующие образы: социальное предпринимательство как социальный бизнес, социальное служение и социальное новаторство. Последний образ больше всего нацелен на социальные преобразования, однако он представлен фрагментарно и обладает недостаточной способностью порождать доверие других участников коммуникации за счет присутствия в дискурсе негативных идентичностей, контекста несерьезности и метафор исключения.The relevance of this study is determined by the importance of the role of a social entrepreneur in determining ways for social problems solving based on the network interconnections of civil society. A social entrepreneur is able to become a new subject of social transformations, which is emphasized in the framework of the activist approach. New practices actualize the problem of integrating the socio-entrepreneurial group into social structure and its recognition as a socially significant community. Structuring the image of social entrepreneurship was based on the identification of the following semantic units of analysis: 1) the meanings of the «social» and «entrepreneurial» in activities of the subject; 2) the nature of the identifications; 3) features of the values produced by social entrepreneurs. Based on the analysis of the texts, the following images were identified: social entrepreneurship as a social business, social service and social innovation. The latter image is most focused on social transformations, but it is presented fragmentary and has insufficient ability to generate the trust of other communicators due to the presence of negative identities in the discourse, the context of non-seriousness and the metaphors of exclusion

Safety and risks of nuclear power: Changing the discourse (by the example of Tomsk region)

The paper considers the peculiarities of risk perception in the discourse of the key subjects that form the platform to discuss the development of nuclear energy. The study was conducted in the region with a large nuclear enterprise. The dominant groups setting reference points of perception were revealed. The shift to a “hierarchical” model of ideology was shown. The analysis was based on the cultural theory of risk perception of M.Douglas, A.Wildavsk

Safety and risks of nuclear power: Changing the discourse (by the example of Tomsk region)

The paper considers the peculiarities of risk perception in the discourse of the key subjects that form the platform to discuss the development of nuclear energy. The study was conducted in the region with a large nuclear enterprise. The dominant groups setting reference points of perception were revealed. The shift to a “hierarchical” model of ideology was shown. The analysis was based on the cultural theory of risk perception of M.Douglas, A.Wildavsk