Design enquiry: tacit knowledge and invention in science

For some years there has been discussion and speculation on the subject of "design enquiry" and a number of people, for example Richard Buchanan and Clive Dilnot , have looked for forms of enquiry appropriate to, or fruitful for, design as an academic and professional discipline. From a different perspective, Ranulph Glanville has suggested that the relationship between design and science might be redefined to acknowledge similarities of method that are disguised by forms of narrative employed by scientists. However most contributions in these debates deal with generalisations so I would like to propose some specific ways in which designers can explore and develop the concepts and practices of design enquiry. In particular I would like to discuss a kind of enquiry where designers can play a role in forming and pursuing questions which arise in the natural sciences and I will suggest that this role might be extended into some other fields. In doing so I will make reference to the subject of tacit knowledge, a concept which was formalised by Michael Polanyi in his consideration of the philosophy of science 50 years ago and which has attracted continuing interest (his 1958 book, Personal Knowledge, was reprinted most recently in 1998 and 2002), but also some shallow interpretation since then. I believe that Polanyi has a great deal to offer the design community, perhaps more in some respects than the widely cited work of Donald Schon who dealt with general questions of practice relevant to many disciplines while Polanyi addressed the relationship between enquiry and creativity in a very direct way. </p

Who discovered the gluten and who discovered its production by lixiviation?

Research noteThe discovery of the preparation of the complex material known today as “gluten” was wrongly described in many important texts in the history of food chemistry, either because the name of the authors was misspelled or because dates were wrong. Historical data show that gluten was discovered by Jacopo Bartolomeo Beccari, in Bologna (Italy) in 1728. However the lixiviation process still used today to get gluten and the chemical characterization of this new material was performed by the physician Johannes Kesselmeyer in Strasbourg (France), in 1759. The discovery of gluten was considered as very important because both scientists thought that they had demonstrated that gluten was of “animal origin”, contrary to starch, which was thought to be of plant origin. Kesselmeyer tried to avoid this paradox of finding animal products in plants.La découverte de la préparation de la matière chimiquement complexe connue aujourd'hui sous le nom de “gluten” a fait l'objet de nombreuses descriptions erronées, soit avec des noms mal orthographiés, soit avec des dates incorrectes. Les explorations historiques montrent que le gluten fut découvert par Jacopo Bartolomeo Beccari, à Bologna (Italie) en 1728, et le procédé de préparation par lixiviation fut proposé 31 ans plus tard par Johannes Kesselmeyer, à Strasbourg (France), en 1759. Les travaux de ces deux scientifiques furent d'emblée jugés importants, parce qu'ils trouvaient une “origine animale” à cette matière, alors que l'amidon résiduel apparaissait bien d'”origine végétale”. Kesselmeyer essaya d'éviter ce paradoxe d'une matière animale dans un produit végétal

From "Periodical Observations” to "Anthochronology” and "Phenology” - the scientific debate between Adolphe Quetelet and Charles Morren on the origin of the word "Phenology”

Mankind has observed and documented life cycle stages of plants and animals for a long time. However, it was comparatively recently that the newly emerging science was given its name. The name of Charles Morren and the year 1853 are being cited, although not frequently. Exact information is hardly known among present-day phenologists, yet new evidence shows that the term "phenology” was already in use in 1849. In the early 1840s, physicist and astronomer Adolphe Quetelet set up an observational network named "Observations of periodical Phenomena of the Animal and Vegetable Kingdom” and issued instructions for it. Even though biologist Charles Morren welcomed Quetelet's initiative, differences between Morren and Quentlet regarding the instructions for the observations and the potential results soon arose and a debate started, which lasted for nearly 10years. In the wake of these disagreements, Morren was compelled to create a new term to denote his ideas on "periodical phenomena”. At first, he temporally used the word anthochronology, but in the end he coined the word phenology. The term was first used in a public lecture at the Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique' in Brussels on 16 December 1849, and simultaneously in the December 1849 issue of volume V of the Annales de la Société royale d'Agriculture et de Botanique de Gand. One had to wait until 1853 before the new name appeared in the title of one of Morren's publications. Based on evidence from archives and original publications, we trace the 10-year-long scientific debate between Morren and Quetelet. Morren states his biologist's view on the subject and extends the more climate-related definition of Quetelet of "periodical phenomena

Contributors to this Issue

Contributors to this IssueAN ACOUSTIC INVESTIGATION OF THE DURATION OF VOWEL NASALIZATION IN GAAuthor: Rebecca Atchoi Akpanglo-NarteyInstitutional Affiliation: University of Education, WinnebaCurrent Status: Senior LecturerMailing address: University of Education, Winneba, Department of Applied Linguistics, P. O. Box 25, WinnebaEmail address: [email protected] Statement: Dr. Akpanglo-Nartey is a senior lecturer in the Department of Applied Linguistics, University of Education, Winneba. She is currently the Dean of the Faculty of Foreign Languages Education and Communication in the College of Languages Education, Ajumako. She teaches General Linguistics, Articulatory and Acoustic Phonetics, Phonology and Sociolinguistics. Her research interest is in the areas of Acoustic Phonetics and Sociolinguistics. A LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTION OF THE LANGUAGE OF GHANAIAN NEWSPAPERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE READABILITY, COMPREHENSIBILITY AND INFORMATION FUNCTION OF THE GHANAIAN PRESSAuthor: Kolawole AdeniyiInstitutional Affiliation: Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria Current Status: Lecturer IMailing address: Department of Linguistics and African Languages, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Email address: [email protected] Number: +234-8062228707Bio Statement: Dr. Kolawole Adeniyi is a Lecturer I at the Department of Linguistics and African Languages, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. He is a Laboratory Phonologist interested in West Benue-Congo languages.Author: Tolulope AdeniyiInstitutional Affiliation: University of Ibadan, Nigeria Mailing address: Department of Linguistics and African Languages, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Email address: [email protected] Number: +234-8062228707Bio Statement: Tolulope Adeniyi obtained Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts Degrees from the University of Ibadan. Until 2015, she taught Distance Learning Students at the Department of Linguistics and African Languages, University of Ibadan. ‘BRA, SƐN, YƐNKↃ...THAT IS ALL I KNOW IN AKAN’: HOW FEMALE MIGRANTS FROM RURAL NORTH SURVIVE WITH MINIMUM BILINGUALISM IN URBAN MARKETS IN GHANA.Author: Dr. Gladys Nyarko AnsahInstitutional Affiliation: University of Ghana, LegonCurrent Status: Senior LecturerMailing address: Department of EnglishEmail address: [email protected] Statement: Dr. Gladys Nyarko Ansah is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of English, University of Ghana, Legon. She has about 15 years of teaching experience. She has taught a wide range of courses such as Semantics, Stylistics, Applied Linguistics, English as a Second Language, Bilingualism and English Language in Communication leading to her development of research interest in a wide range of areas in language studies including: language and cognition, language, culture and cognition, the sociolinguistics of bi/multilingualism, language policy, language and politics, and second language acquisition. Her current research interests focus on Language and Migration, and Culture and Politics, and language and health delivery.Author: Dr. Jemima Asabea AndersonInstitutional Affiliation: University of Ghana, LegonCurrent Status: Senior LecturerMailing address: Department of EnglishEmail address: [email protected] Statement: Dr. Jemima Asabea Anderson is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of English at the University of Ghana, where she teaches courses in Pragmatics, Sociolinguistics, English in Ghana and World Englishes. She holds an MA in General Linguistics from Indiana University, Bloomington and an MPhil and a PhD in English from University of Ghana. Her research interests include Codification of Ghanaian English, Language and Migration in Ghana, Cross-cultural Pragmatics, Pragmatics of non-native varieties of English, Politeness/Impoliteness in English in Ghana, and Language Choice and Usage in Ghana. She is co-editor of Crossing Linguistic Borders in Post-Colonial Anglophone Africa. Some of her articles have appeared in Journal of Pragmatics, Sociolinguistics, Legon Journal of the Humanities and Linguistic Atlantica.Author: Dr. Suleman Anamzoya AlhassanInstitutional Affiliation: University of Ghana, LegonCurrent Status: Senior LecturerMailing address: Department of SociologyEmail address: [email protected] Statement: Dr. Sulemana Anamzoya Alhassan is a Senior Lecturer of Sociology. His research interests include: Sociology of law and legal anthropology, especially, access to justice, judicial process and legal pluralism. He is also interested in chieftaincy (conflicts, chieftaincy and law), mixed government, and, migrant chiefs.Author: Dr. Fidelia OhemengInstitutional Affiliation: University of Ghana, LegonCurrent Status: LecturerMailing address: Department of SociologyEmail address: [email protected] Statement: Dr. Fidelia N. A. Ohemeng is a Lecturer of Sociology. Her research interest includes Gender, Death and Dying, Aging, and Health with interests in local interpretation of diseases and the health seeking behaviour of people. She is currently collaborating with others on Dynamic Drivers of Diseases in Africa Consortium (DDAC) working on the interaction of human beings and the ecosystem and the drivers of diseases in Africa. She is also collaborating with some colleagues from the English Department of the University of Ghana examining how migrants with little language cope and interact in their host communitiesSUBORDINATION ACROSS GHANAIAN AND BRITISH NEWSPAPER EDITORIALS: A REGISTER PERSPECTIVEAuthor: Dr. George Kodie FrimpongInstitutional Affiliation: University of Ghana, LegonCurrent Status: Assistant LecturerMailing address: Department of EnglishEmail address: [email protected] Statement: Dr. George Kodie Frimpong is a lecturer at the Department of English of the University of Ghana where he has taught since 2009. His research interest is in the general area of stylistics where he explores the interface between language and the context of production. Combining theoretical models from Hallidayan systemic functional grammar and Biber’s functional persuasions, he investigates, as he has done in this study, the motivations behind grammatical choices. Dr. Frimpong is currently a Postdoctoral Fellow of the African Humanities Programs of American Council of Learned Societies (AHP/ACLS) where he has proposed to conduct more research in this area of his research interest.

Information system support in construction industry with semantic web technologies and/or autonomous reasoning agents

Information technology support is hard to find for the early design phases of the architectural design process. Many of the existing issues in such design decision support tools appear to be caused by a mismatch between the ways in which designers think and the ways in which information systems aim to give support. We therefore started an investigation of existing theories of design thinking, compared to the way in which design decision support systems provide information to the designer. We identify two main strategies towards information system support in the early design phase: (1) applications for making design try-outs, and (2) applications as autonomous reasoning agents. We outline preview implementations for both approaches and indicate to what extent these strategies can be used to improve information system support for the architectural designer

Assessment of Current and Future Generated Selected E-Waste Quantities in Abu Dhabi

E-waste is a term used to describe electrical and electronic products that enter the waste stream. Currently, it is the fastest growing stream of municipal waste. Informal disposal of E-waste may cause serious health and pollution problems to humans as well as the environment. Although E-waste may represent less than 5% of the total waste discarded into landfills, yet it includes more than 70% of overall toxic waste. Not only the exact amount of E-waste generated in the UAE is unknown, but it is continuously increasing with the advent of new electronic products. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis is to assess the current and future quantities of E-waste in Abu Dhabi emirate. A questionnaire was developed to estimate the generated E-waste quantities for three products; namely, laptops, desktops and mobile phones. Copies of this questionnaire have been distributed to the public in Al-Ain and Abu Dhabi cities to collect data about the E- waste. This data was used to estimate the current and future quantities of E-waste. The estimated quantities of generated E-waste in Abu Dhabi are for three products 1,151,000 mobile phones, 464,000 laptops, and 300,000 desktops. The future quantities of E-waste are predicted based on the life span of each product. They were estimated to be 827,000 laptops, 223,000 desktops, and 1,618,000 mobile phones. The results also indicated that 78% of residents in Abu Dhabi are aware of the adverse effects of E-waste and they are ready to dispose E-waste in an environmental friendly manner. This study will help government and agencies to plan for E-waste management based on the estimated quantities of E-waste

INDUCTION OF ANTI-MICROBIAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN SEVERELY IMMUNODEFICIENT HOSTS BY IFN-EXPRESSING SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROVAR TYPHIMURIUM CORRELATES WITH EFFICIENT ACTIVATION OF MACROPHAGE EFFECTORS

Susceptibility to infection by the intracellular bacterial pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium), is controlled by many genes of innate and adaptive immunity. One of the most critical genes is IFN- and mice deficient in IFN- synthesis are highly susceptible to Salmonella. Previously, we demonstrated that mice deficient in MyD88, an adaptor that regulates TLR signaling, are susceptible to Salmonella infection. In the current study, we compared immune responses in mice deficient in IFN- or MyD88 with wild-type controls following infection with an attenuated strain of S. typhimurium (designated BRD509E) or a recombinant derivative engineered to express murine IFN- (GIDIFN). Infection studies with BRD509E or GIDIFN revealed that the latter strain was significantly less virulent in immunodeficient mice than BRD509E and correlated with decreased bacterial loads in systemic organs. Enhanced responsiveness was due to GIDIFN strain’s ability to activate effector macrophages, as shown by increased synthesis of inflammatory cytokines and anti-microbial effector molecules, including NO. Gene expression profiling by qPCR demonstrated stronger induction of key inflammatory modulators by GIDIFN in macrophages of immunodeficient animals. These findings suggest that immunotherapeutic approaches using attenuated bacterial strains expressing immunomodulatory genes is more efficacious and offers a superior safety profile even in severely immunodeficient hosts

LP Liner Notes

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