Webexpert – tool for knowledge acquisition by web

Knowledge acquisition for systems based on knowledge can be called knowledge engineering, according to Feigenbaum (1980) who used the term to describe the reduction of a wide context of knowledge for a set of facts and rules. The term Knowledge Engineer started to be used to denote the responsible person by development of such systems. The basic function of Knowledge Engineering is to play the role of mediator between the expert and the Knowledge Base, to extract the knowledge from the expert, to codify the same in contribution with the expert to reach an acceptable performance.Eje: Sistemas inteligentesRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Webexpert – tool for knowledge acquisition by web

Knowledge acquisition for systems based on knowledge can be called knowledge engineering, according to Feigenbaum (1980) who used the term to describe the reduction of a wide context of knowledge for a set of facts and rules. The term Knowledge Engineer started to be used to denote the responsible person by development of such systems. The basic function of Knowledge Engineering is to play the role of mediator between the expert and the Knowledge Base, to extract the knowledge from the expert, to codify the same in contribution with the expert to reach an acceptable performance.Eje: Sistemas inteligentesRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Nicotinic acid induces antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in different experimental models

AbstractAlthough in vitro studies have shown that nicotinic acid inhibits some aspects of the inflammatory response, a reduced number of in vivo studies have investigated this activity. To the best of our knowledge, the effects induced by nicotinic acid in models of nociceptive and inflammatory pain are not known. Per os (p.o.) administration of nicotinic acid (250, 500 or 1000mg/kg, −1h) inhibited the first and the second phases of the nociceptive response induced by formalin in mice. Nicotinic acid (250 or 500mg/kg, −1 and 3h) also inhibited the mechanical allodynia induced by carrageenan in rats, a model of inflammatory pain. However, in a model of nociceptive pain, exposure of mice to a hot-plate, nicotinic acid was devoid of activity. In addition to inhibiting the nociceptive response in models of inflammatory pain, nicotinic acid (250 or 500mg/kg, p.o., −1 and 3h) inhibited paw edema induced by carrageenan in mice and rats. Picolinic acid (62.5 or 125mg/kg, p.o., −1h), a nicotinic acid isomer, inhibited both phases of the nociceptive response induced by formalin, but not paw edema induced by carrageenan in mice. The other nicotinic acid isomer, isonicotinic acid, was devoid of activity in these two models. In conclusion, our results represent the first demonstration of the activity of nicotinic acid in experimental models of nociceptive and inflammatory pain and also provide further support to its anti-inflammatory activity. It is unlikely that conversion to nicotinamide represents an important mechanism to explain the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of nicotinic acid. The demonstration of new activities of nicotinic acid, a drug that has already been approved for clinical use and presents a positive safety record, may contribute to raise the interest in conducting clinical trials to investigate its usefulness in the treatment of painful and inflammatory diseases

Deposition of spray droplets by four spray nozzles and two working pressures

The deposition of spray droplets on the target can be influenced by the type spray nozzle used, as well as the employed working pressure. Thus, with the commercial availability of new spray nozzles, performance studies with the new models become necessary. This study was carried out to evaluate ground deposition of spray droplets by four models of spray nozzles, at two working pressures. The experiment was conducted in Dourados/MS, in September 2020, with strip design and 4x2 factorial scheme, with five repetitions. Four spray nozzles were used (single flat fan, ST-IA 02 model; angle flat fan MUG 02; hollow cone MGA 02; and double flat fan ST-IA/D 02), working at 30 and 50 psi pressures. The distance between each nozzle was 50 cm, 60 cm above the ground. Water-sensitive paper was used and, immediately after application, the paper was scanned using the DropScan® tool. Subsequently, the number of droplets, coverage, amplitude, dispersion,      Volume Median Diameter (VMD), Number Median Diameter (NMD), DV09, and DV01 were evaluated. The hollow cone spray nozzle provided a higher number of droplets and greater coverage compared to the other nozzles for the studied weather conditions

Evaluación de la degradación de compuestos bioactivos de la fruta Physalis (P. peruviana) durante el proceso de secado

Objetivou-se por meio do presente estudo efetuar a cinética de secagem do fruto physalis, verificando o ajuste dos modelos matemáticos empíricos aos dados experimentais obtidos e avaliar a influência das diferentes temperaturas utilizadas no processo com relação a sua composição centesimal e de compostos bioativos. A cinética de secagem foi realizada utilizando secador convectivo com velocidade de ar fixa (1,5 m.s-1) e temperatura variando de 40 a 70 °C. Nos frutos in natura e desidratados foram determinados o teor de umidade, cinzas, lipídios, proteína, carboidratos totais, antocianinas, flavonoides, carotenoides totais, compostos fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante (ABTS+ e DPPH). Verificou-se que dentre os modelos matemáticos estudados, o modelo de Silva et al. apresentou melhor ajuste aos dados experimentais, com coeficiente de determinação (R2>0,99) e valores de qui-quadrado (<0,003753), sendo considerado como o mais eficiente na descrição do processo de secagem do physalis. A partir dos dados obtidos constatou-se que o aumento da temperatura provoca redução no teor de umidade, cinzas e lipídios, causando também a maior degradação de todos os compostos bioativos analisados (antocianinas, flavonoides, carotenoides totais, compostos fenólicos) e atividade antioxidante. No entanto, as temperaturas de 40 e 50 °C proporcionaram uma melhor preservação de todos os componentes bioativos e atividade antioxidante quando comparados com os valores obtidos para o fruto in natura.The objective of this study was to perform the drying kinetics of fruit physalis, verifying the fit of the empirical mathematical models to the experimental data obtained and to evaluate the influence of the different temperatures used in the process in relation to its centesimal composition and bioactive compounds. Drying kinetics were performed using a fixed air velocity convective dryer (1.5 m.s-1) and temperature ranging from 40 to 70 °C. In fresh and dehydrated fruits, moisture content, ash, lipids, protein, total carbohydrates, anthocyanins, flavonoids, total carotenoids, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (ABTS+ and DPPH) were determined. Among the studied mathematical models, the Silva et ali. model presented the best fit to the experimental data, with coefficient of determination (R2> 0.99) and chi-square values (<0.003753), being considered as most efficient in describing the physalis drying process. From the obtained data it was verified that the increase of the temperature causes reduction in the moisture, ash and lipid content, also causing the greatest degradation of all bioactive compounds analyzed (anthocyanins, flavonoids, total carotenoids, phenolic compounds) and antioxidant activity. However, temperatures of 40 and 50 °C provided better preservation of all bioactive components and antioxidant activity when compared to the values obtained for the fresh fruit.El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar la cinética de secado de la fruta física, verificando el ajuste de los modelos matemáticos empíricos a los datos experimentales obtenidos y evaluar la influencia de las diferentes temperaturas utilizadas en el proceso en relación con su composición centesimal y sus compuestos bioactivos. La cinética de secado se realizó utilizando un secador convectivo de velocidad de aire fija (1,5 m.s-1) y una temperatura que oscila entre 40 y 70 °C. En frutas frescas y deshidratadas, se determinó el contenido de humedad, cenizas, lípidos, proteínas, carbohidratos totales, antocianinas, flavonoides, carotenoides totales, compuestos fenólicos totales y actividad antioxidante (ABTS+ y DPPH). Entre los modelos matemáticos estudiados, el modelo de Silva et al presentó el mejor ajuste a los datos experimentales, con un coeficiente de determinación (R2>0.99) y valores de chi-cuadrado (<0.003753), siendo considerados como más eficiente en la descripción del proceso de secado de physalis. A partir de los datos obtenidos, se descubrió que el aumento de la temperatura causa una reducción en el contenido de humedad, cenizas y lípidos, lo que también causa la mayor degradación de todos los compuestos bioactivos analizados (antocianinas, flavonoides, carotenoides totales, compuestos fenólicos) y actividad antioxidante. Sin embargo, las temperaturas de 40 y 50 °C proporcionaron una mejor preservación de todos los componentes bioactivos y la actividad antioxidante en comparación con los valores obtenidos para la fruta fresca

The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra

This paper documents the 16th data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library "MaStar"). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17)

The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys : First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra

This paper documents the 16th data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library "MaStar"). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17).Peer reviewe