Риторические вопросы в политической речи

The article analyses the main functions of rhetorical questions in political speech. The author uses politician Heydar Aliyev's speeches as linguistic material. As Heydar Aliyev's speeches were mostly in the Azerbaijani language, the issue is considered based on the Azerbaijani language, which is very relevant for Azerbaijani linguistics. Heydar Aliyev's speech was rich in rhetorical questions. The article mentions that one of the syntactic means used in polemics is the rhetorical question used to make the address emotional and critical, thus paving the way for the rise of intonation. The author, summing up, writes that rhetorical questions increase the impact of speech on the audience, evoke emotion, and carry significant meaning and emotional load.В статье анализируются основные функции риторических вопросов в политической речи. В качестве языкового материала автор использует выступления политика Гейдара Алиева. Поскольку выступления Г. Алиева в основном были на азербайджанском языке, вопрос рассматривается на базе азербайджанского языка, что является весьма актуальным для азербайджанского языкознания. Речь Гейдара Алиева богата риторическими вопросами; данным приемом оратор придавал выразительность своим выступлениям. В статье отмечается, что одним из синтаксических средств, используемых в полемике, являются риторические вопросы, которые одновременно создают эмоциональность речи и придают ей острый критический тон, подготавливая почву для подъема интонации. Автор, подводя итоги, пишет, что риторические вопросы усиливают воздействие речи на слушателей, вызывают эмоции, несут большой смысл и эмоциональную нагрузку

Planktivory in non-indigenous fish and implications for trophic interactions in a Mediterranean shallow lake

Similar to other Mediterranean lakes, Lake Vela displays a marked dominance of alien species, but the impact of such an assemblage on the lower trophic levels of shallow eutrophic lakes has been overlooked. In this study, zooplanktivory in the omnivorous fish assemblage of Lake Vela was examined from April to October 2003 (and also in January 2004). During this period, ichthyocenosis was characterized by abundance of juvenile fish, which strongly depended on zooplankton. Adult mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) and pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) foraged on the same zooplanktonic prey than juveniles, although planktivory was less important in larger fish. Using multivariate analysis, it was possible to attribute most of the variability in planktivory to resource availability, as both fish foraged on the most abundant prey in each month. Albeit this opportunistic behaviour, mosquitofish was found to be positively selective towards small-sized littoral cladocerans, while pumpkinseed displayed positive selection towards Alona and Daphnia. In the absence of more efficient planktivores, pumpkinseed is now the main planktivore in Lake Vela and the main predator of Daphnia. However, due to low densities of Daphnia during most of the study period, Daphnia was virtually absent from the diet of pumpkinseed from June to October, a period during which this benthi–planktivore foraged chiefly on less-rewarding planktonic prey (small-sized cladocerans and cyclopoid copepods). Mosquitofish was an important planktivore in littoral and structured habitats. Flexible foraging behaviour partly explains the success of these two species in Lake Vela.Acknowledgements are due to José Vingada (University of Minho, Portugal) for supplying the fishing gear apparatuses and for providing help during fieldwork. We are also thankful to Francisca F. Gouveia for her laborious collaboration in the measurement and dissection of the fish. Bruno B. Castro was supported by a PhD grant (ref.SFRH/BD/6417/2001) from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal). Bruno B. Castro is presently hired under the programme Ciência 2008 (FCT, Portugal), co-funded by the Human Potential Operational Programme (National Strategic Reference Framework 2007–2013) and European Social Fund (EU). We also thank two anonymous referees for their contribution in the improvement of the manuscript.publishe

Effects of carp, gambusia, and Australian bass on water quality in a subtropical freshwater reservoir

Freshwater systems are frequently compromised by excessive macrophyte biomass and cyanobacterial blooms associated with eutrophication and possibly exotic fish. The effects of piscivorous Australian bass (Macquaria novemaculeata), planktivorous gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki [Girard]), and benthivorous carp (Cyprinus carpio L) on water quality in Emigrant Creek Dam (ECD), Australia, were studied in 20 experimental enclosures (depth 1 m, volume 3.2 m3), stocked at a density of 1875 kg/ha. Fish additions had immediate effects on water quality, except for bass, which merely recycled preexisting water column nutrients. Water turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, and chlorophyll a (Chl-a), were all significantly higher in gambusia, but more so in carp enclosures. Assuming a linear relationship, mean daily Chl-a increases in carp enclosures were 4.6 μg/L/100 kg carp/ha. Moreover, Chl-a (\u3e90 μg/L) was positively correlated with TP (r2 = 0.91), TN (r2 = 0.89), TFe (r2 = 0.96), and TMn (r2 = 0.83) in carp enclosures; however, Fe and Mn resuspension from sediments does not seem to be a principal mechanism affecting total phytoplankton biomass. Macrophyte, epiphyte, and periphyton biomass were also significantly lower in carp enclosures, a consequence of sediment and nutrient resuspension, dietary excretion, and macrophyte damage. In the absence of carp, epiphytes, periphyton, and macrophytes competed with phytoplankton for available nutrients, providing a critical stabilizing role. Exotic fish removal may prove to be an effective management tool in subtropical systems to maintain high water quality