Educación Social para la Justicia Global

La Educación para la Justicia Global es un enfoque educativo que busca desarrollar una comprensión crítica de los problemas globales, como la pobreza, las desigualdades norte-sur o la crisis climática, y fomentar la participación activa de la ciudadanía en la búsqueda de soluciones a estos problemas. Es una propuesta teórica/práctica que ha adquirido relevancia en la educación superior ya que promueve el desarrollo de la competencia global y fomenta el desarrollo de habilidades como la reflexión, la empatía, la resolución de conflictos y la conciencia de la interdependencia global de los seres humanos. Aunque la Educación Social y la Educación para la Justicia Global comparten objetivos, hay pocas experiencias que integren este enfoque en la formación de futuros/as Educadores/as Sociales. Este artículo revisa de manera sistematizada una asignatura del grado de Educación Social de la Universidad Barcelona que introduce el enfoque de la Educación para Justicia Global. Con este fin, se llevó a cabo un estudio de caso sobre la asignatura y los trabajos reflexivos y prácticos del estudiantado, analizando 99 unidades didácticas realizadas durante el periodo 2016-2022. Las conclusiones indican que el estudiantado logra una apropiación creativa y contextualizada de los objetivos de la Educación para la Justicia Global, mientras que el enfoque presenta un gran potencial transformador y emancipador para la práctica de la Educación Social. Palabras clave: Competencia Global; Justicia Global; Capitalismo; Derechos Humanos; Estudio de Caso

La aplicación del concepto de autoría mediata a través de aparatos organizados de poder en América Latina y España.

La tesis de Roxin (1963) de la autoría mediata por control de un aparato de poder se ha convertido en una vía importante para resolver el problema de la responsabilidad de los líderes políticos militares. En el presente artículo se analizan diferentes decisiones de Tribunales de países latinoamericanos y del Tribunal supremo español en los que, de un modo u otro, se muestra la utilidad de esta tesis para exigir responsabilidad como autores mediatos a los jefes militares y líderes políticos por los delitos internacionales cometidos por sus subordinados en el apartado de poder por ellos dirigidos.The notion of indirect perpetration through organized structures of power (Roxin 1963) despite the initial reluctance of national and international case law has, become a very important key to solve problems of responsibility of political and military leaders. The cases analyzed in the present article of Latin-American and Spanish courts show how the notion of indirect perpetration has come to play today a key role in portraying the criminal liability of senior political leaders and high military commanders that make use of the organizations that they control to secure the commission of international crimes

INDICADORES DE DEPRESIÓN Y FACTORES DE APOYO SOCIAL PERCIBIDO EN UNIVERSITARIOS

Abstract: The graduation process in universities involves the realization of social professional attention that implies that the student is exposed to adverse factors, which can affect the mental health and lead to the emergence of depression; one way in which the occurrence of such a disorder can be decreased is through the perception of social support. The objective was to know if perceived social support predicts indicators of depression. A non-experimental, cross-sectional quantitative approach with predictive correlational scope was used. The sampling was non-probabilistic for convenience, obtaining 421 students from the Public University of Guatemala, with the linear regression analysis method the following equation was obtained: depression indicators = 17,794 (intercept) - 0.292 (perceived social support from third parties) - 0.440 (perceived social support from relatives), obtaining a significant model F (2, 491) = 57.70, p = < .001. It can be concluded that the appearance of indicators of depression is related to the detriment in social support factors; however, the role of social support in depression should continue to be studied, given the new scenarios that have arisen in the face of distance and hybrid modalities.Resumen: El proceso de graduación en las universidades conlleva la realización de un servicio social de atención profesional que implica que el estudiante esté expuesto a factores adversos, pudiendo afectar la salud mental y propiciar la aparición de depresión; una forma en la que se puede disminuir la aparición de tal trastorno es por medio de la percepción del apoyo social. El objetivo fue conocer si el apoyo social percibido predice indicadores de depresión. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo no experimental, transversal con alcance correlacional predictivo. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia, obteniendo 421 estudiantes de la Universidad Pública de Guatemala, con el método de análisis de regresión lineal se obtuvo la siguiente ecuación: indicadores de depresión = 17.794 (intercepto) - 0.292 (apoyo social percibido de terceros) - 0.440 (apoyo social percibido de familiares), obteniendo un modelo significativo F (2, 491) = 57.70, p = < .001. Se puede concluir que la aparición de indicadores de depresión está relacionada al detrimento en los factores de apoyo social; sin embargo, se debe continuar estudiando el papel del apoyo social en la depresión, ante los nuevos panoramas que se han presentado ante las modalidades a distancia e híbridas

Diseño de un prototipo de agricultura de precisión para cultivo sostenible de plátano hartón (musa paradisiaca) en Casanare

En Colombia se han desarrollado cartillas informativas con el paquete tecnológico agrícola, pero sin cifras o estudios que refuercen los beneficios de su implementación, lo cual mantiene el escepticismo entre los pequeños productores. A su vez las investigaciones de utilización de agricultura de precisión para ahorrar y controlar el suministro de agua las han enfocado en otros cultivos diferentes al plátano, y no se encontró ningún estudio que combinara la utilización del paquete tecnológico agrícola y la agricultura de precisión. En el presente estudio se realizó la siembra en un terreno plano parcelado en 9 secciones; 3 automatizadas utilizando un modelo de agricultura de precisión con instrumentos de control y medición, 3 utilizando la técnica de sembrado tradicional y 3 parcelas sembradas y dejadas al natural, con lo cual se consiguió Identificar los beneficios de utilizar agricultura de precisión y el paquete tecnológico agrícola en los cultivos de plátano hartón; se obtuvo un aumento en el crecimiento de las plantas y mediante la utilización de agricultura de precisión se logró un ahorro de agua en las parcelas automatizadas versus las parcelas de cultivo tradicional

Diseño de un prototipo de agricultura de precisión para cultivo sostenible de plátano hartón (musa paradisiaca) en Casanare

En Colombia se han desarrollado cartillas informativas con el paquete tecnológico agrícola, pero sin cifras o estudios que refuercen los beneficios de su implementación, lo cual mantiene el escepticismo entre los pequeños productores. A su vez las investigaciones de utilización de agricultura de precisión para ahorrar y controlar el suministro de agua las han enfocado en otros cultivos diferentes al plátano, y no se encontró ningún estudio que combinara la utilización del paquete tecnológico agrícola y la agricultura de precisión. En el presente estudio se realizó la siembra en un terreno plano parcelado en 9 secciones; 3 automatizadas utilizando un modelo de agricultura de precisión con instrumentos de control y medición, 3 utilizando la técnica de sembrado tradicional y 3 parcelas sembradas y dejadas al natural, con lo cual se consiguió Identificar los beneficios de utilizar agricultura de precisión y el paquete tecnológico agrícola en los cultivos de plátano hartón; se obtuvo un aumento en el crecimiento de las plantas y mediante la utilización de agricultura de precisión se logró un ahorro de agua en las parcelas automatizadas versus las parcelas de cultivo tradicional

Validación de la Escala Breve de Optimismo Interactivo-G en México antes de la COVID-19

The primary objectives of this study were determining the construct, convergent, and discriminant validity of the Brief Interactive Optimism Scale-G (BIOS-G) in participants from six states of Mexico and estimating its internal consistency. In this study 3 289 Mexicans participated (2 028 men and 1 243 women). The average age was = 30.43 years and SD = 10.52. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA) were applied. There were appropriate fit indexes (e. g., CFI = .99; RMSEA = .07.). Convergent validity showed ANR (3 289)=.52(p=<.01;d=medium), with the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the estimation of discriminant validity was r (3 289) r = -.19 with the Brief Scale for Assessing Anger Proneness (APS-G) (p = < .01; d = almost small), Alpha = .70 (3 289); p = < .01; omega = .76. The conclusion is that there is partial national evidence supporting the use of BIOS-G, because Mexico lacks a measure of this kind, being useful, at least, for research purposes.Los objetivos primarios del presente estudio fueron determinar la validez de constructo, convergente y discriminante de la Escala Breve de Optimismo Interactivo-G (EBOI-G), en participantes de seis estados de México y calcular su consistencia interna. Participaron 3289 mexicanos, 2028 hombres y 1243 mujeres (18 casos no contestaron cuál era su género). Su edad promedio = 30.43 años, de = 10.52. Se usó el análisis factorial confirmatorio y análisis de regresión múltiple, y se encontraron buenos indicadores promedio de bondad de ajuste (e. g., CFI = .99; RMSEA = .07.). Se evaluó la validez convergente, r (3 289) = .52 (p = < .01; d = mediano), con la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida. Se estimó la validez discriminante, r (3 289) r = -.19, con la Escala Breve de Disposición a la IRA (p = < .01; d = casi pequeño). El alfa = .70 (3 289); p = < .01; el omega = .76. Se concluye que hay evidencia parcial nacional que apoya el uso de la EBOI-G, debido a la carencia de una medida de este tipo en México, útil cuando menos para propósitos de investigación.Os objetivos primários do estudo foram determinar a validade convergente e discriminante do construto da Escala Breve de Otimismo Interativo-G (EBOI-G), em participantes de seis estados do México e calcular sua consistência interna. Participaram 3 289 mexicanos, sendo 2 028 homens e 1 243 mulheres. A média de idade foi = 30.43 anos, DP = 10.52. Foram utilizadas análises fatoriais confirmatórias e análises de regressão múltipla. Bons indicadores médios de qualidade de ajuste foram encontrados (por exemplo, CFI = .99; RMSEA = .07.) A validade convergente foi avaliada, r (3 289) = .52 (p = <.01; d = mediana), com a Escala de satisfação com a vida. A validade discriminante, r (3 289) = -.19 foi estimada com a Escala Breve de Disposição à Raiva (p = <.01; d = quase pequeno). O alfa = 0,70 (3 289); p = <0,01; o ômega = 0,76. Conclui-se que há evidências nacionais parciais que apoiam o uso da EBOI-G, devido à falta de uma medida desse tipo no México, sendo útil pelo menos para fins de pesquisa

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Mapping the Milky Way, Nearby Galaxies, and the Distant Universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median $z\sim 0.03$). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between $z\sim 0.6$ and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the Second Phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since 2014 July. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the 14th from SDSS overall (making this Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes the data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (2014–2016 July) public. Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey; the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data-driven machine-learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from the SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS web site (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020 and will be followed by SDSS-V

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality