Debris Marin : punca dan penyelesaian

Buku ini mengupas isu berkaitan sampah yang bertaburan di pantai. Perbincangan yang dibuat adalah berdasarkan aktiviti dokumentasi sampah di sekitar pantai di Sarawak pada tahun 2008 dan 2010. Antara lain, ia bertujuan untuk membantu para pembaca memahami masalah di sebalik keadaan itu dan apa yang boleh dilakukan bersama untuk mengurangkan keadaan sampah yang semakin berleluasa di pantai. Diharapkan buku ini dapat meningkatkan lagi kefahaman pelbagai lapisan masyarakat Malaysia tentang isu yang begitu signifikan dalam kehidupan mereka

Characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from cultured catfish by antibiotic resistance and RAPD analysis

Antibiotic susceptibility and genetic diversity of E. coli isolated from cultured catfish and their surrounding environment were determined. The levels of resistance of the E. coli isolates towards six different antibiotics tested differed considerably. Though the isolates displayed resistance towards some of the antibiotics tested, none of the isolates showed resistant towards norfloxacin, sulphametoxazole/trimethoprim and chloramphenicol. RAPD-PCR analysis using single primer and primers combination clustered the E. coli isolates into 3 and 5 groups, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the E. coli isolates from the catfish and their surrounding environment derived from a mixture of sensitive and resistant strains with diverse genetic contents. The use of the RAPD analysis is sufficiently discriminatory for the typing of the E. coli isolates

Type and Quantity of Shipborne Garbage at Selected Tropical Beaches

Marine debris is widely distributed at the coastal area of the global oceans; however, shipborne garbage source studies are still lacking to document the pollution in Malaysia Territorial Water. Thus, this study has adopted a standard method of beach marine debris survey at five beaches and inspected 115 vessels to assess the type and amount of debris from shipping source stranded on the beach. This study found that vessel visiting Malaysian ports observed the MARPOL 73/78 Annex V requirements; however, identified objects from shipping activity (1.3%; 2 items/km) found on the beaches indicate that there are vessels disposing of garbage illegally at sea. Therefore, there is a need to promote the use of biodegradable material and introduce environmental education to increase awareness on the vessel

Management Of Shipborne Garbage In Compliance To Marpol 73/78 Annex V

The large number of vessels en route within Malaysia Territorial Water through Malacca Straits has introduced pressures on the marine environment, particularly from shipborne garbage. Thus, this study adopted a standard method of beach marine debris survey and shipborne garbage survey to assess the types, amount, categories and sources of debris at five public beaches during monsoon seasons and 115 vessels were selected en route through Malacca Straits at five ports in Malaysia. The mean total beach debris item collected was 961 item/km and categorized during marine debris surveys between October 2012 and August 2014. Debris accumulation was more abundant during SWM, while, plastic category (88.48%) dominating debris items collected at this study. As for shipborne garbage survey, the mean total shipborne garbage item and weight collected was 182 item/vessel and categorized on the vessels between October 2012 and October 2014. Shipborne garbage abundance is influenced by number of crews, vessels’ gross tonnage and ship type. This study found, vessel visiting Malaysian ports observed the MARPOL 73/78 Annex V requirements, however, identified objects from shipping activity (1.3%; 2 items/km) found on the beaches indicates there are vessels discharging garbage illegally at sea. Therefore, promulgating awareness and educate the general public on pathway of marine debris needs to be collaborated with public participation to instill consciousness through environmental education. This effort may be small but the impact as a result of this action will reduce the amount waste dispose of at sea tremendously

Urban coral reefs: Degradation and resilience of hard coral assemblages in coastal cities of East and Southeast Asia

© 2018 The Author(s) Given predicted increases in urbanization in tropical and subtropical regions, understanding the processes shaping urban coral reefs may be essential for anticipating future conservation challenges. We used a case study approach to identify unifying patterns of urban coral reefs and clarify the effects of urbanization on hard coral assemblages. Data were compiled from 11 cities throughout East and Southeast Asia, with particular focus on Singapore, Jakarta, Hong Kong, and Naha (Okinawa). Our review highlights several key characteristics of urban coral reefs, including “reef compression” (a decline in bathymetric range with increasing turbidity and decreasing water clarity over time and relative to shore), dominance by domed coral growth forms and low reef complexity, variable city-specific inshore-offshore gradients, early declines in coral cover with recent fluctuating periods of acute impacts and rapid recovery, and colonization of urban infrastructure by hard corals. We present hypotheses for urban reef community dynamics and discuss potential of ecological engineering for corals in urban areas

Marine debris on selected public beaches in Kuching, Bintulu and Miri, Sarawak

Sarawak being the largest state in Malaysia with approximately 800 kilometers of coastline facing the South China Sea stretching from Tg. Dato, Sematan to Merapok, Lawas, represents a complex and dynamic systems both in terms of human activities and in terms of their biophysical conditions. However some beaches in Sarawak are suffering serious pollution due to either natural cause or human impact. Approximately one kilometer stretch has been survey and identify of marine debris landed on shoreline at four public beaches namely Pandan beach (Lundu), Pasir Pandak (Santubong), Tg. Batu beach (Bintulu) and Tg. Lobang (Mini) In this study, interviews have been conducted with local authorities and 32 individual questionnaires has been administered. A total of 7,199 items or 1,800 items/km of survey site was collected from the 4 km surveyed in this study and weighed at 304 kg or 76 kg/km. Pasir Pandak (3,356 items/km or 153 kg/km) received substantially greater quantities of debris compare to Pandan, Tg. Lobang and Tg. Batu beaches. The most numerous items on all four study sites were those made of plastic and paper where 72.47 percent of marine debris originated from Malaysia. Respondents were satisfied with the beach environment (61.8%) and 85.3 percent respondents were willing to be involved in beach clean-up exercise suggesting that most people acknowledge the problems of rubbish on beaches and they were willing to make contribution to maintain the level of cleanliness. Overall respondents were more concerned on the public facilities rather then the beach environment and cleanliness. The data obtained in this study were considered as preliminary data and limited to only four theses beaches. They were just 'snap-shots' of marine debris problems in those selected study sites. It is necessary to continue this study in future in order to make recommendation for strategies in marine debris management

Management if marine debris from ships in compliance to MARPOL 73/78 Annex V

Marine debris is widely distributed at the ocean surface and coastal area, but their specific sources, quantities and distribution remain uncertain. Although, studies have been conducted to estimate the quantity of debris along the Malaysian beaches, marine sources especially from the shipborne garbage was not extensive. In addition, the large number of vessels using Malacca Straits as an important trading route may produce pressure on the marine environment, particularly garbage accumulated on the vessels navigating within Malaysian Territorial Water. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate marine debris abundance in Malaysia marine environment from shipborne garbage source. This study adopted a standard method of beach marine debris survey and shipborne garbage survey to assess the types, amount, categories and sources of debris on eight public beaches and five ports in Malaysia. Beach marine debris study was conducted during the northeast monsoon (NEM), southwest monsoon (SWM) and intermediate monsoon (IM) seasons at Pandan, Pasir Pandak, Temasyah, Tg. Lobang, Tg. Aru, Kosuhoi, Saujana and Batu Rakit beaches. A total of 46,141 items (961 item/km) weighing 2,120 kg (44.2 kg/km) were collected and categorized during six surveys conducted at the beaches between October 2012 and August 2014. Debris accumulation was more abundant during SWM, while, plastic category (88.48%) dominating debris items collected at this study. Debris abundance stranded on the beaches can be attributed to urban proximity. As for shipborne garbage survey, 115 vessels were selected at Kuching (25 vessels), Bintulu (20 vessels), Kota Kinabalu (20 vessels), Sandakan (14 vessels) and Klang (36 vessels) ports en route through Malacca Straits. A total of 20,895 items (182 item/vessel) weighing at 6,316.1 kg (54.9 kg/vessel) were collected and categorized during surveys conducted on the vessels between October 2012 and October 2014. Sandakan port accumulated the highest mean shipborne garbage item (SGI) at 197 item/vessel, whereas, Kota Kinabalu port accumulated the highest mean shipborne garbage weight (SGW) at 64.0 kg/vessel. Shipborne garbage abundance is influenced by number of crews and vessels’ gross tonnage. As for shipborne garbage accumulation according to ship type, bulk carrier vessels accumulated the highest mean SGI (212 item/vessel) and SGW (63.8 kg/vessel). The low percentage of vessels equipped with garbage processing equipment (33.33%), may resulting the high percentage of plastic category (63.75%) ending in the marine environment. Although, many factors contributed to the marine debris abundance, human-generated debris was found to be the major source of the marine debris problem in this study. The presence of debris items associated with shipping activities found on the beaches indicated not all vessels comply with the new revised Annex V of the MARPOL 73/78. Therefore, promulgating awareness and educate the general public on pathway of marine debris needs to be collaborated with public participation to instill consciousness through environmental education. In addition, comprehensive and long-term monitoring along Malaysian coastline is paramount to identifying marine debris point source. Thus, specifying and implementing strategic solution besides determining priorities to ensure total eradication of illegal discharge at sea and understanding marine debris abundance relationship against dynamic climate conditions. This effort may be small but the impact as a result of this action will reduce the amount waste dispose of at sea tremendously