The Soviet doctor and the treatment of drug addiction: "A difficult and most ungracious task"

This paper reviews the development of early Soviet drug treatment approaches by focusing on the struggle for disciplinary power between leading social and mental hygienists and clinical psychiatrists as a defining moment for Soviet drug treatment speciality that became known as "narcology." From this vantage point, I engage in the examination of the rise and fall of various treatment methods and conceptualizations of addiction in Russian metropolitan centres and look at how they were imported (or not) to other Soviet republics. As clinical psychiatrists appeared as undisputed victors from the battle with social and mental hygienists, the entire narcological arsenal was subdued in order to serve the needs of mainstream psychiatry. However, what that 'mainstream' would be, was not entirely clear. When, in 1934, Aleksandr Rapoport insisted on the need for re-working narcological knowledge in line with the Marxist approach, he could only raise questions and recognise that there were almost no "dialectically illuminated scientific data" to address these questions. The maintenance treatment of opiate users, which emerged as the most effective one based on the results of a six-year study published in 1936, was definitely not attuned to the political and ideological environment of the late 1930s. Maintenance was rather considered as a temporary solution, in the absence of radical therapeutic measures to free Soviet society from "narkomania." As the Great Terror swept across the Soviet Union, Stalin's regime achieved its objective of eliminating drug addiction from the surface of public life by driving opiate users deep underground and incarcerating many of them in prisons and the Gulag camps. In the final section, I briefly discuss the changing perceptions of drug use during the World War II and outline subsequent transformations in Soviet responses to the post-war opiate addiction [Additional file 1]

The Role of Ethnic Non-Material Property for Intercultural Communications in Digital Society

This paper is devoted to the intellectual property and spiritual (non-material and non-intellectual) property of ethnic minorities. The research is topical, because ethnic identity issues remain prevalent in the modern era, and questions of ethnic identity have become problematic and multifaceted due to the crisis of multiculturalism concepts and the ‘glocalization’ processes. Many languages of ethnic minorities are under the threat of disappearance. The main objective of this research is to define the role of Mother Language and ethnic non-material property for self-identification of different nationalities in digital society. The secondary objective is to consider what kind of non-material property is the most important in this context. Research methods to be used: methodology of system differentiation of Luhmann N. It is asserted in this work, that the main non-material property for ethnic minorities is intellectual property and spiritual (non-material and non-intellectual) property. Spiritual property is considered here from the non-religious point of view, mainly because of the author’s world-outlook. Another reason is that religious type of spiritual property is ideologically burdened in modern Russia. Non-religious spiritual property is of great importance for ethnic minorities, nevertheless it is under-estimated. Mother Language is a base for ethnic spiritual property. In contrast, religious spiritual property is conservative and backward similar to mental reservation (from the author’s point of view). Keywords: non-material property, intellectual property, ethnic minorities, intercultural communication, digital societ

THINK-ALOUD PROTOCOLS, EYE-TRACKING AND KEY-LOGGING IN IDENTIFICATION AND ADDRESSING TRANSLATION CHALLENGES

Purpose of the study: The research is focused on studying the translation process using the methods of allied sciences for improving a translation end product. This article deals with the identification of the most challenging prospective translation difficulties and analysis of the main macro- and micro strategies of translation on the basis of conducted experiments with combination of eye-tracking and think-aloud protocols and an experiment using keystroke logging. In the article we also make an attempt to undercover the basic principles which influence decision-making. Methodology: Conclusions based on the results of the study have both theoretical and practical implications. The theoretical significance of the research is expressed with the summarizing of the main translation difficulties and translation strategies of the tested. It was also revealed that the translation difficulty is not always predictable and is not always explained theoretically. As a result of the experiments the theory of H. Krings on 3 stages of translation Micro Strategy has been confirmed. Finally, the analysis of the experiments made it possible to determine the factors influencing a particular translation solution: grammatical, contextual and stylistic accuracy and euphony of the translation end product. Results: Regarding the first experiment, TAPs required a voice recorder, and respectively, eye-tracking assumed the usage of eye-tracker, procured by the Laboratory of Small Computer Engineering of Kazan Federal University. As equipment for the second experiment, we used a laptop with a loaded keystroke logging program recording each keystroke, as well as the time intervals between these presses. In this case, the task of the tested was to submit a written translation of the given text. Applications of this study: This research can be used for the universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality of this study: In this research, the model of the Think-Aloud Protocols, Eye-Tracking, and Key-Logging in Identification and Addressing Translation Challenges are presented in a comprehensive and complete manner

Investigation of thermal resistance and power consumption in Ga-doped indium oxide (In2O3) nanowire phase change random access memory

The resistance stability and thermal resistance of phase change memory devices using similar to 40 nm diameter Ga-doped In2O3 nanowires (Ga:In2O3 NW) with different Ga-doping concentrations have been investigated. The estimated resistance stability (R(t)/R-0 ratio) improves with higher Ga concentration and is dependent on annealing temperature. The extracted thermal resistance (R-th) increases with higher Ga-concentration and thus the power consumption can be reduced by similar to 90% for the 11.5% Ga: In2O3 NW, compared to the 2.1% Ga: In2O3 NW. The excellent characteristics of Ga-doped In2O3 nanowire devices offer an avenue to develop low power and reliable phase change random access memory applications. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.X113sciescopu