"Politica architectonica". L’aristotelismo politico nel dibattito politico tedesco della prima età moderna

This article traces the evolution of the German political debate during the Early Modern age, paying attention in particular to the way in which it was produced and transmitted within this university community of discourse. The analysis of the formal aspects and manners in which this debate took form permits to demonstrate that political Aristotelianism was not only a political doctrine, but also and foremost a common code. This code characterized all of the university experiences of the Holy Roman Empire from the end of the xvi century throughout the xvii century. The essential features of this code will be pointed out taking into account the case of Iohannus Arthusius’ political writings, in which it is possible to notice a substantial overlap of the formal and material aspects of his political doctrine.Este artículo reconstruye la evolución del debate político alemán durante la primera edad moderna, poniendo atención en particular en la manera en la que tal debate se fue elaborando y transmitiendo dentro de la comunidad de discurso universitaria que lo produjo. El análisis de las características formales y de las modalidades en las que se desarrolló este debate permite demonstrar que el aristotelismo político no fue sólo una doctrina política, sino también, y sobre todo, un código común que más allá de diferencias específicas, caracterizó todas las experiencias universitarias del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico desde finales del siglo xvi y durante todo el siglo xvii. Las características esenciales de este código se pondrán de relieve en particular a través del caso de los escritos políticos de Iohannes Althusius, en los que la forma y el contenido de su doctrina política terminan coincidiendo.Questo articolo ricostruisce l’evoluzione del discorso politico tedesco nel corso della prima età moderna, prestando particolare attenzione alla maniera in cui esso fu elaborato e trasmesso all’interno della comunità di discorso universitaria che lo produsse. L’analisi dei caratteri formali e delle modalità in cui si venne formando tale dibattito consente di comprendere come l’aristotelismo politico non fu soltanto una dottrina politica, ma anche e soprattutto un codice comune che, aldilà delle differenze specifiche, contraddistinse tutte le esperienze universitarie del Sacro Romano Impero nel tardo xvi e xvii secolo. I caratteri essenziali di tale codice si metteranno in luce in particolare atttraverso il caso degli scritti politici di Iohannes Althusius, nei quali l’aspetto contenutistico e quello formale della sua dottrina politica verranno sostanzialmente a sovrapporsi

"Politica architectonica". El aristotelismo político en el debate político alemán durante la primera edad moderna

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Domingo de Soto e la fondazione della scuola di Salamanca

Na história do pensamento político e do direito, podemos considerar ou seus conteúdos ideológicos ou o modo de comunicá-los. Se reconstruirmos a história da Segunda Escolástica no segundo sentido, podemos avaliar a contribuição de Domingo de Soto, que organizou todo o tema em um sistema claro e apresentou com seu tratado Sobre a justiça e o direito uma forma literária de debate bem-sucedida. Nesse sentido, Soto merece ser considerado um fundador da Segunda Escolástica junto com Francisco de Vitoria. Relevante é o esquema que ele adota na distribuição topológica, como a aproximação por ele realizada entre as noções de direito e justiça mediante a doutrina da liberdade e domínio, que figurou como um verdadeiro ponto de partida para a teoria do direito, especialmente para uma teoria do direito natura

La virtud de la justicia en la doctrina de Domingo de Soto

La justicia, según Domingo de Soto, co-fundador de la Escuela de Salamanca, es el eje que vincula ley y derecho, los dos núcleos de su De iustitia et iure. Y la justicia, cuyo tratamiento último lo proporciona la filosofía y la teología, es una virtud humana que busca la justa relación de dos elementos, y que tiene por objeto la equidad, que se mide no tanto por la intención del agente, sino por su contenido objetivo. Lo justo se mide por dos planos, el del presupuesto y la consecuencia a los que se corresponden la ley y el derecho, con una estructura teleológica.Justice, according to Domingo de Soto, co-founder of the School of Salamanca, is the axis that links the law with what is right, concepts that form the two cores of his Deiustitia et iure. Justice, whose ultimate justification is provided by philosophy and theology, is a human virtue which seeks the proper relationship of two elements, and which strives to achieve equity, which is measured not by the agent's intention, but by its objective content. What is just is measured along two planes, that of the premise and that of the consequences, which correspond respectively to the law, and to what is right

The Role of Regulatory T Cells in Cancer

There has been an explosion of literature focusing on the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer immunity. It is becoming increasingly clear that Treg cells play an active and significant role in the progression of cancer, and have an important role in suppressing tumor-specific immunity. Thus, there is a clear rationale for developing clinical strategies to diminish their regulatory influences, with the ultimate goal of augmenting antitimor immunity. Therefore, manipulation of Treg cells represent new strategies for cancer treatment. In this Review, I will summarize and review the explosive recent studies demonstrating that Treg cells are increased in patients with malignancies and restoration of antitumor immunity in mice and humans by depletion or reduction of Treg cells. In addition, I will discuss both the prognostic value of Treg cells in tumor progression in tumor-bearing hosts and the rationale for strategies for therapeutic vaccination and immunotherapeutic targeting of Treg cells with drugs and microRNA

A review of methods for assessment of the rate of gastric emptying in the dog and cat: 1898-2002

Gastric emptying is the process by which food is delivered to the small intestine at a rate and in a form that optimizes intestinal absorption of nutrients. The rate of gastric emptying is subject to alteration by physiological, pharmacological, and pathological conditions. Gastric emptying of solids is of greater clinical significance because disordered gastric emptying rarely is detectable in the liquid phase. Imaging techniques have the disadvantage of requiring restraint of the animal and access to expensive equipment. Radiographic methods require administration of test meals that are not similar to food. Scintigraphy is the gold standard method for assessment of gastric emptying but requires administration of a radioisotope. Magnetic resonance imaging has not yet been applied for assessment of gastric emptying in small animals. Ultrasonography is a potentially useful, but subjective, method for assessment of gastric emptying in dogs. Gastric tracer methods require insertion of gastric or intestinal cannulae and are rarely applied outside of the research laboratory. The paracetamol absorption test has been applied for assessment of liquid phase gastric emptying in the dog, but requires IV cannulation. The gastric emptying breath test is a noninvasive method for assessment of gastric emptying that has been applied in dogs and cats. This method can be carried out away from the veterinary hospital, but the effects of physiological and pathological abnormalities on the test are not known. Advances in technology will facilitate the development of reliable methods for assessment of gastric emptying in small animals